Copenhagen

1. Bicycle Infrastructure: Copenhagen is renowned for its extensive bicycle infrastructure, boasting more bikes than residents. The city has over 390 kilometers of designated bike lanes, making cycling not only a popular mode of transportation but also a key part of the city's identity. 2. Unique Co-housing Communities: Beyond traditional housing models, Copenhagen is home to innovative co-housing communities where residents share resources and communal spaces. These developments foster a strong sense of community and sustainability, often incorporating shared gardens, kitchens, and recreational areas. 3. Culinary Capital: While many know of Noma, one of the world’s top restaurants, Copenhagen has a thriving food scene characterized by its focus on local ingredients and innovative culinary techniques. The city has more Michelin-starred restaurants per capita than any other city in the world, showcasing its commitment to high-quality, sustainable dining experiences.

Copenhagen’s housing market in 2025 remains highly competitive, with demand outpacing supply due to steady population growth and limited development of new homes. Around 60% of Copenhagen residents are renters, while approximately 40% own their homes. The rental market is particularly tight—rental prices for one-bedroom apartments average between 9,000–12,000 Danish Kroner per month (about 1,205–1,610 Euros), and two-bedroom units range from 12,000–18,000 Kroner (1,610–2,415 Euros). This translates to a median rent of roughly 25–33 Euros per square meter per month. For buyers, median apartment prices in Copenhagen are approximately 56,637 Danish Kroner per square meter, which is about 7,580 Euros per square meter. Housing prices have doubled over the past decade and are expected to rise moderately in the coming years. Publicly owned (non-profit) housing plays a significant role in the city, managed by housing associations and covering more than half a million homes nationwide. In Copenhagen, municipalities can assign up to 33% of these units to people in acute need. Public housing in Denmark generally refers to non-profit housing, which is broader than just social housing for vulnerable groups. Social housing is a subset, focused on providing affordable options, but public housing can include higher-quality or mixed-income developments offering more diverse resident profiles. Overall, high demand, rising prices, and a constrained housing supply define Copenhagen’s housing situation, making affordable housing options critical for the city’s residents.

Copenhagen faces a severe housing crisis marked by a chronic shortage of homes, surging demand, and escalating prices. The city's population has grown steadily—reaching over 1.39 million in 2024—and continues to expand, but new construction has not kept up. By 2025, estimates highlight a shortfall of nearly 50,000 homes, putting particular pressure on the rental market. Around 40% of the city's housing stock is over 50 years old, adding maintenance burdens and further constraining supply. Rising demand and limited supply drive up costs. Rents in central Copenhagen have risen sharply, with a 10% jump in 2023 and another 6.7% increase in 2024. Competition is intense, as available rental properties receive multiple applicants within hours of listing. Property values have doubled in the last decade. Even as some efforts are made to expand housing stock, high construction costs and regulatory restrictions limit progress. The crisis hits a broad cross-section of residents. Young people, students, and newcomers are particularly affected by the lack of small, affordable flats. Middle-income households also struggle to find suitable options, with only the relatively wealthy able to compete for central city homes. The shortage risks driving away potential workers and undermines the city’s long-term growth. The scarcity and rising costs disproportionately impact renters, but homeowners also face challenges from aging housing and ongoing price increases.

Copenhagen’s city administration is actively addressing affordable and sustainable housing through a series of targeted initiatives and policy commitments. The city has set clear goals to expand the stock of affordable and sustainable homes, aligning these efforts with its broader climate ambitions, including the goal of carbon neutrality by 2025. A key initiative is the Mixed Cities Fund, which allocates €241 million by 2031 to help nonprofit housing organizations purchase land in high-cost areas for social housing. This fund also directs about €120 million towards permanently reducing rents on new social housing units to benefit low-income households. In addition, specific funds are dedicated to making housing more accessible and to scaling up elderly-friendly urban design. New social housing construction in Copenhagen is required to meet strict climate and energy efficiency standards. The city also champions sustainable construction through demonstration projects and innovation in green building materials. For example, the “Living Places” project features prototype homes with carbon footprints up to three times lower than average. Copenhagen mandates that 20–25% of new residential developments provide affordable housing, supporting a mix of tenure types—including cooperative housing—to encourage diversity and affordability. The city’s strategies also combat homelessness by tailoring housing policies and rent support to vulnerable residents. Overall, Copenhagen’s efforts combine funding, regulation, and sustainability-focused innovation to increase affordable housing, address housing access for diverse groups, and meet climate goals, though challenges like rising land prices and persistent demand remain.

Housing cooperatives, known as andelsboliger, play a significant role in Copenhagen’s housing landscape, particularly in the apartment sector. In the capital, more than a third of apartment buildings are cooperative housing, representing a higher share than owner-occupied apartments. Nationally, cooperative housing makes up about 8% of all housing units, but in Copenhagen, the proportion is notably higher due to the city’s historic tradition and high density of apartments. The cooperative sector has remained relatively stable in recent years, holding around 7–8% of Denmark’s total housing stock, with Copenhagen and Frederiksberg accounting for about two-thirds of all cooperative housing in the country. In the local context, cooperative housing plays a vital role in offering a middle ground: it provides more affordable options compared to privately owned housing, while promoting resident democracy and community engagement. Recent dynamics include increasing price pressure and heightened demand, leading to challenges for first-time buyers and younger residents. The city’s policy framework supports cooperative housing as part of a broader effort to maintain social diversity and counter housing speculation. Key measures include requirements that 20–25% of new residential developments provide affordable housing (including cooperatives) and flexibility in municipal planning to allow diverse housing forms and sizes. Copenhagen’s municipal strategy and planning initiatives actively promote the cooperative sector, seeing it as a means to encourage affordability, tenure diversity, and resident participation amidst ongoing population growth and housing market strain.