Articles, Reports, Studies & more: A growing collection of resources on the intersection of European culture, urban development, (co)housing, commons, cooperatives, social inclusion, policy making, sustainability, design & innovation.
Name | Authors | Publisher | Type | Year | Summary |
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Elena Szolgayova, David Orr, Dr. Julie Lawson & others | Housing2030 | Article | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Overview The document discusses two significant initiatives aimed at addressing housing inequality and affordability in Europe: EqualHouse and #Housing2030. It was created by an unspecified publisher who focuses on sustainable housing solutions, with the aim of informing a pan-European audience about ongoing efforts to improve housing conditions. 🏠 EqualHouse Initiative EqualHouse is an innovative research project funded by the EU, aiming to study housing inequality comprehensively. It is notable for being the first endeavor to integrate various dimensions of housing inequality into a single study. Utilizing a transdisciplinary approach, it involves experts from multiple fields to analyze housing issues that have historically been examined in isolation. The project extends its reach beyond national borders, offering a transnational perspective. Its primary goal is to deepen understanding of housing inequality and its societal impacts, generating insights and potential solutions that can inform policymakers across Europe. 🏡 #Housing2030 Initiative #Housing2030 is a policy-oriented initiative that adopts a holistic approach to enhancing affordable housing outcomes. It acknowledges the interconnectedness of housing issues with broader societal challenges, including climate change. The initiative aims to provide policymakers with practical tools and guidance to improve housing affordability while addressing these pressing issues. Key features include: - A multifaceted strategy tackling affordable housing alongside climate concerns and social progress. - Development of adaptable policy guidance and a toolkit of solutions tailored to the specific needs of different regions. - Emphasis on climate-conscious housing solutions, recognizing the urgent need for environmental considerations in housing policy. 🏙️ Website Purpose The website housing2030.org serves as a central hub for information on both initiatives. It likely includes detailed descriptions of the EqualHouse project, policy recommendations from #Housing2030, research reports, and updates on ongoing projects. The site is positioned as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners focused on tackling housing challenges in a sustainable manner. 🤝 Collaborative Efforts Both initiatives are backed by an extensive network of collaborators, including over 56 governments and various housing providers. They aim to enhance the capacity of national and local governments to craft policies that ensure affordable and sustainable housing for all, in alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. | |
Julie Lawson, Michelle Norris, Holger Wallbaum & others | UNECE | Study / Report / Handbook | 2021 | Here is an extensive summary of the key points from the attached report 🏠 Context and Purpose The #Housing2030 report, published by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), UN-Habitat, and Housing Europe, aims to address housing affordability challenges within the UNECE region. This joint initiative focuses on exchanging best practices among countries and cities to enhance housing affordability. The principal authors, Julie Lawson, Michelle Norris, and Holger Wallbaum, have contributed valuable insights into effective policy solutions for affordable housing. 📊 Key Findings The report identifies several critical areas for improving housing affordability: 1. Governance: Effective governance is essential for shaping housing systems. Key governance tools highlighted include strategic frameworks, building institutional capacity, and multi-level governance coordination. The report emphasizes the importance of setting and monitoring housing standards, evidence-based policymaking, and tenant involvement. 2. Finance and Investment: Financial tools are vital for promoting affordable housing. This includes regulating financial institutions, providing rent subsidies, and utilizing microfinance. The report discusses various funding mechanisms such as public loans, interest rate subsidies, and shared equity schemes, all aimed at enhancing housing investment. 3. Land Policy: Effective land policy tools are crucial for affordable housing development. Strategies such as public land banking, land value capture, and inclusionary zoning are explored to optimize land use and increase housing supply. 4. Climate-Neutral Housing: The importance of climate-neutral policies is underscored, with recommendations for energy performance regulations and financial incentives for energy efficiency improvements. 🔍 Customization of Policies The report stresses that there is no universal solution to housing challenges; instead, countries must tailor policies to their specific contexts and needs. Multi-level governance and partnerships among national, regional, and local governments are essential for successful implementation. 📈 Evidence-Based Policymaking Robust housing data and indicators are crucial for designing effective interventions. The report advocates for clear housing standards and compliance monitoring to improve housing quality and affordability. 🏡 Conclusion The #Housing2030 report outlines a comprehensive array of governance, finance, land policy, and climate-related tools for enhancing housing affordability. It emphasizes the significance of good governance, partnerships, and dedicated affordable housing providers in creating inclusive and sustainable housing systems across the UNECE region. | |
Kirsty Major & others | The Guardian | Article | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Importance The article from The Guardian, published on July 24, 2025, addresses the pressing issue of the broken housing market across Europe, highlighting its contribution to rising inequality and the rise of far-right political movements. The author, Kirsty Major, a deputy Opinion editor at The Guardian, presents a range of expert insights on the current state of housing in various European cities, emphasizing the need for sustainable housing solutions. 📈 Rising Housing Costs The article reveals alarming statistics regarding housing affordability. From 2015 to 2023, house prices in the EU increased by nearly 50%, while rents rose by 18% from 2010 to 2022. This trend has led many individuals to feel that housing challenges are localized, though the reality is that they represent a continent-wide crisis. 🌍 Diverse City Experiences The article showcases different cities’ experiences with the housing crisis. In Lisbon, policy changes post-2008 financial crisis enabled wealthy foreigners to purchase second homes, displacing local residents. Conversely, Amsterdam's long-term residents are in secure social housing, while newcomers face high rents in the private sector. Budapest's housing market reflects a similar trend, where the sale of social housing after the Cold War has compounded affordability issues for younger generations. 🏙️ Vienna's Success Story Vienna stands out as a city that has managed to avoid an affordability crisis. The city has maintained a stable stock of social housing since the 1920s, which has moderated rent prices and provided options for tenants of varying incomes. This contrasts with the experiences of other European cities that have prioritized private investment over social housing. ⚖️ The Inequality Factor The article stresses that the current housing policies across Europe favor property investors at the expense of renters. This situation exacerbates wealth inequality, as housing becomes an asset rather than a home, leading to a transfer of wealth from the less affluent to the wealthy. Far-right political movements have leveraged this growing resentment, as indicated by the comments from European Commissioner Nicolas Schmit regarding the societal divides created by housing issues. 🔑 Path Forward In 2024, housing ministers from EU member states signed a declaration advocating for a “new deal” on affordable and social housing. The article concludes with a message of hope, suggesting that political will exists to address these challenges, and that the shared experiences of those facing unaffordable housing can foster a sense of community and support across Europe. | |
Marketa Pape | EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service | Article | 2025 | This document is a briefing from the European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), authored by Marketa Pape and published in May 2025, aimed at providing Members of the European Parliament with essential background information regarding the escalating housing crisis across the European Union (EU). The crisis has intensified due to the recent cost-of-living challenges, underscoring the EU's potential role in addressing housing issues. 🏠 The Scale of the Housing Crisis The briefing outlines a significant and worsening problem with housing affordability within the EU. Between 2010 and 2023, average house prices rose by 48%, while rents increased by 22%. As a result, homelessness has surged by an estimated 70% over the past decade. The construction sector faces contraction and labor shortages, further complicating the housing landscape. Notably, the struggle for affordable housing now affects not just low-income groups but also middle-income citizens and essential workers. 🌍 Environmental Challenges The document highlights that buildings account for 40% of the EU's energy consumption and 36% of CO2 emissions. It emphasizes the necessity of decarbonizing the housing sector through renovations to meet climate goals and alleviate energy poverty. 📜 EU Policy and Legislative Impact While acknowledging that housing responsibilities primarily rest with Member States, the briefing illustrates how EU legislation and policies influence housing indirectly. The revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive mandates zero-emission standards for new buildings by 2030 and sets targets for reducing energy use in residential buildings. Furthermore, EU competition rules regulate social housing subsidies, which some stakeholders argue need broader definitions to support a wider range of individuals in need. 💰 EU Funding and Initiatives The EU has allocated approximately €100 billion for energy efficiency renovations until 2030, with funding sources including the Recovery and Resilience Facility and the European Regional Development Fund. Initiatives like the European Platform on Combating Homelessness aim to eliminate homelessness by 2030, while the Affordable Housing Initiative focuses on innovative renovation projects. 🔍 Recent and Future Actions In December 2024, the European Parliament established a Special Committee on the Housing Crisis to analyze the situation and propose solutions. The European Commission is preparing a "European affordable housing plan" and has initiated a call for evidence to gather input on the matter. There is a concerted effort from EU institutions to push for a "European new deal for affordable and social housing," which includes revising rules that could exacerbate the crisis and increasing investments in sustainable housing. | |
Sophus O.S.E. zu Ermgassen, Michal P. Drewniok, Joseph W. Bull, & others | Ecological Economics | Research Paper | 2022 | 🏡 Context and Overview The article “A home for all within planetary boundaries: Pathways for meeting England's housing needs without transgressing national climate and biodiversity goals” was published in Ecological Economics on July 19, 2024. The authors include Sophus O.S.E. zu Ermgassen, Michal P. Drewniok, and others, who explore the intersection of housing policy and sustainability in England, emphasizing the urgent need to address housing affordability while adhering to climate and biodiversity targets. 📊 Key Findings The English government aims to address the housing affordability crisis by constructing 300,000 new homes annually. However, current strategies are projected to consume 104% of England's cumulative carbon budget to maintain a 1.5°C temperature increase by 2050, with 92% of emissions attributed to the existing housing stock. The study highlights the potential for alternative housing strategies that do not rely on rapid expansion, suggesting that retrofitting existing homes can significantly reduce emissions. 🌱 Sustainability Challenges The article underscores the conflict between housing expansion and sustainability goals. Housing construction and operation contribute approximately 27% of global CO2 emissions annually. Furthermore, the existing housing stock is failing to meet national biodiversity targets, which require a legally-binding commitment to halt wildlife decline by 2030. The authors argue for a shift in focus from building new homes to optimizing the use of existing ones. 🛠️ Proposed Solutions The authors propose several solutions to meet housing needs sustainably. These include decarbonizing the existing housing stock through rapid retrofitting, expanding social housing, and implementing policies that discourage the overconsumption of living space. They advocate for policies that would reduce demand for housing as a financial asset and suggest that addressing these issues could lead to lower emissions and better alignment with national sustainability objectives. 📈 Implications for Policy The study presents a critical examination of England's current housing policies, indicating that they may not effectively address the unmet housing need while also complying with ecological targets. The authors emphasize the necessity of re-evaluating the political economy surrounding housing expansion and propose that systemic change is required to satisfy housing demand without compromising environmental integrity. | |
European Affordable Housing Consortium | European Affordable Housing Consortium (SHAPE-EU) | Article | 2024 | 🏛️ Context and Publication The "D3.3 Access to Funding Handbook" was published in May 2024 by the European Affordable Housing Consortium (SHAPE-EU) as part of Work Package 3 of their project. This consortium, funded by the European Union's Single Market Programme, aims to support social and affordable housing initiatives across Europe. The handbook serves as a vital resource for housing providers, municipalities, SMEs, and other stakeholders involved in the renovation of social and affordable housing. 💰 Overview of Funding Options The handbook offers a comprehensive overview of various funding and financing options available for social and affordable housing renovation projects, particularly at the district level. It details several EU funding mechanisms, including repayable finance options such as the Recovery and Resilience Facility loans and the Just Transition Mechanism, which provide crucial financial support for sustainable housing projects. 📈 Leveraging Investments Additionally, the handbook discusses funding sources designed to leverage private investments, such as Cohesion Policy Financial Instruments and the European Energy Efficiency Fund. Grant schemes, including Cohesion Policy funds and Horizon Europe, are highlighted as essential resources. The document also includes technical assistance facilities to aid applicants in navigating the funding landscape. 🔍 Funding Source Details For each funding source, the handbook provides a general description, opportunities specifically for social and affordable housing renovation, and detailed application procedures. This structured approach allows stakeholders to understand the potential of each funding option and how to access it effectively. 🌍 Alignment with EU Policy The handbook emphasizes the necessity of aligning housing renovation projects with EU policy objectives and climate goals to enhance funding opportunities. This alignment is crucial as it not only maximizes potential funding but also ensures that projects contribute positively to broader sustainability targets. ♻️ Focus on Energy Efficiency Moreover, the handbook notes a significant shift towards energy efficiency and sustainability within EU funding programs for the 2021-2027 period. This reflects the increasing recognition of the importance of sustainable practices in housing renovations, which aligns with the EU's broader commitment to combat climate change. 📚 Case Studies and Guidance Throughout the document, case studies and practical examples illustrate successful applications of different funding mechanisms in housing projects. Additionally, it provides guidance on navigating the complex EU funding landscape and accessing resources via national managing authorities, making it a vital tool for stakeholders aiming to implement effective financial strategies. | |
Nina Quintas, Pierre Arnold & others | urbaMonde | Study / Report / Handbook | 2021 | 🌍 Context and Publisher The studies presented here are part of the CoHabitat Network's efforts to explore community-led housing (CLH) initiatives, focusing on the challenges of accessing land and finance. The research was coordinated by Nina Quintas and Pierre Arnold from urbaMonde, with contributions from Léa Vidal and Léa Oswald. Published in October 2021 and May 2022, respectively, these studies highlight successful CLH projects from various regions, illustrating how grassroots organizations, NGOs, and academic institutions can work together to create non-speculative housing solutions. 🏡 Study 1: Access to Land & Finance for Community-Led Housing The first study emphasizes various case studies from Africa, Europe, and Latin America, showcasing diverse strategies for securing land and financing CLH projects. Notable projects include: - Granby 4 Streets Community Land Trust (UK): This initiative aimed to revitalize a neighborhood in Liverpool while preventing demolitions and gentrification. It successfully utilized interest-free loans and grants to support its mission. - Ecovillage Aldea Feliz (Colombia): In this project, a community used collective ownership and self-building practices to focus on sustainable living and affordability, employing local materials and income-generating activities. - Barrio Intercultural (Argentina): This initiative involved returning ancestral Mapuche land to its original inhabitants, providing affordable housing while respecting cultural heritage. - La Borda Cooperative (Spain): The project implemented a "grant of use" model for cooperative housing, emphasizing environmental sustainability and ethical financing. - Senegalese Federation of Inhabitants (Senegal): This federation created a revolving fund for urban renewal, improving housing in flood-prone areas via community savings and international cooperation. 💰 Study 2: Financial Mechanisms in Community-Led Housing The second study builds on the first, presenting additional case studies from Zimbabwe, Uruguay, Brazil, Switzerland, and Germany. Key examples include: - Dzivarasekwa Slum Upgrading Project (Zimbabwe): This project utilized municipal financing to enhance informal settlements, leveraging community savings groups and a revolving fund. - COVICOFU Cooperative (Uruguay): A mutual-aid cooperative that secured land tenure for informal workers through state loans and subsidies. - Cooperativa Esperança (Brazil): Developed housing through mutual aid despite the absence of formal cooperative recognition. - Mehr als Wohnen (Switzerland): A large cooperative neighborhood in Zurich that integrates social diversity and sustainability into its financial planning. - Spreefeld Cooperative (Germany): This initiative combines cooperative living with private ownership options in Berlin, addressing gentrification challenges while maintaining affordable rents. Both studies underline the critical role of collaboration among communities, governments, and NGOs in overcoming barriers to affordable housing, demonstrating that tailored financial strategies are essential for sustainable urban development. | |
Tim White | The Guardian | Article | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Background The article from The Guardian, published on July 7, 2025, addresses the escalating housing crisis across Europe, highlighting the detrimental impact of the financial sector on housing affordability. Jaume Collboni, the mayor of Barcelona, emphasizes that the housing crisis poses a significant threat to the EU, comparable to geopolitical tensions with Russia. This commentary reflects a broader concern that the working and middle classes feel increasingly disenfranchised by their democracies, unable to find affordable housing. 📈 Rising House Prices and Rent Across major cities in Europe, many residents are spending over half of their incomes on rent, leading to severe housing insecurity. The article notes that some cities are experiencing annual rent increases exceeding 10%. Institutional investors, particularly since the 2008 financial crisis, have gained substantial control over the housing market, managing approximately $1.7 trillion in global real estate by 2023, a stark increase from $385 billion in 2008. This shift towards financialization has made housing a lucrative asset class, significantly inflating prices. 💰 Effects of Institutional Ownership Institutional ownership of residential properties has reached alarming levels, with investment funds purchasing nearly half of all new housing units in Ireland since 2017 and accounting for 24% of private rental apartments in Sweden. In Berlin, institutional portfolios hold €40 billion in housing assets. This trend has resulted in rising rents and inadequate housing conditions for many, as investment funds prioritize profit maximization over the provision of affordable housing. 🛠️ Policy and Governance Challenges Governments' attempts to incentivize private investment often lead to weakened tenant protections and planning regulations, exacerbating the plight of renters. The article notes that the corporate capture of housing has been facilitated by decades of privatization and speculation, diminishing the role of welfare states in housing provision. Renters have faced skyrocketing rents and deteriorating living conditions, while the narrative pushed by financial actors suggests that increased real estate investment will solve the housing shortage. 🌍 Call for Structural Change The article concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for fundamental structural changes in housing policy across Europe. As housing becomes a core political issue, it is crucial to reclaim homes from financial interests and prioritize social needs over profit motives. The evidence presented in the article supports the assertion that the current system of finance capitalism is failing to deliver sustainable housing solutions. | |
European Environment Agency & others | European Environment Agency | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy Brief | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Publication The document titled "Addressing the Environmental and Climate Footprint of Buildings" was created by the European Environment Agency (EEA) to evaluate the significant impact of the building sector on Europe’s environmental footprint. With buildings contributing over 30% of the EU's total environmental footprint, this report highlights the need for urgent action in addressing climate change through sustainable housing practices. 🏗️ Key Findings The report indicates that buildings are responsible for 42% of the EU's annual energy consumption and 35% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Furthermore, the construction sector generates more than 35% of the EU's total waste and consumes 50% of all raw materials annually. These statistics underline the critical role that the building sector plays in the EU's environmental challenges and the need for a holistic approach to sustainable building practices. 💡 Future of Buildings Looking ahead to 2050, the report envisions a sustainable buildings system that prioritizes renovation to minimize material and energy consumption, reduce waste generation, and enhance land use efficiency. It stresses the importance of using low-carbon construction products and adopting circular economy principles to ensure resource efficiency. The report also emphasizes that buildings should be designed for disassembly to maximize the reuse of materials. 🌱 Principles for Sustainability The EEA outlines six key principles for achieving a sustainable building system: (1) prioritizing building renovation, (2) constructing long-lasting buildings designed for disassembly, (3) using low-carbon materials, (4) minimizing energy consumption, (5) fostering inclusive communities, and (6) ensuring resilience to climate change. Implementing these principles can potentially lead to a significant reduction in GHG emissions and enhance the overall sustainability of the built environment. 📊 Investment and Economic Implications The report highlights that achieving a climate-neutral building stock by 2050 will require substantial investments, with estimates suggesting a need for approximately EUR 243 billion annually by 2050 for renovation and upgrades. It also points out that energy-efficient renovations can deliver social, economic, and environmental benefits, including job creation and improved indoor air quality. 🔗 Conclusion This comprehensive assessment by the EEA serves as a crucial resource for policymakers, architects, builders, and the public, aiming to foster a sustainable and resilient built environment across Europe. The findings underscore the necessity for collaborative efforts in transitioning towards a sustainable housing model that effectively addresses the pressing challenges of climate change and resource depletion. | |
Alejandra Rivera, Giulio Ferrini, Marta Ribera Carbó & others | Institute for Human Rights and Business | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | The report titled Advancing Just Transitions in the Built Environment was published by the Institute for Human Rights and Business (IHRB) in 2024. The IHRB is dedicated to promoting human rights in business practices globally. This comprehensive study examines the critical intersection of human rights and environmental sustainability within urban development, highlighting the urgent need for equitable and inclusive climate actions, particularly in cities where socio-economic inequalities are pronounced. 🌍 Context and Objectives The report tackles two pressing global challenges: climate change and social inequality. It reveals that buildings and construction contribute to 37% of global energy-related carbon emissions, positioning the sector as a significant player in climate change. Urban areas, where these constructions are prevalent, also exhibit stark socio-economic disparities. The IHRB's two-year research project focuses on how decarbonization policies in the built environment can respect human rights, emphasizing housing rights, workers' rights, spatial justice, and participatory governance. 📊 Key Findings The research includes case studies from eight cities across different continents: Lagos, Prague, Lisbon, Melbourne, Copenhagen, Jakarta, Athens, and Valparaíso. Each city presents unique challenges and opportunities regarding climate action and social equity. The study highlights human rights risks associated with green initiatives, such as "renovictions"—evictions following renovations—and "green gentrification," which can displace vulnerable communities. The report stresses the necessity of inclusive policies that involve affected communities in decision-making processes, advocating for systemic changes that integrate social justice into environmental policies. It offers 44 recommendations aimed at governments and investors to foster just transitions, including context-specific investments in retrofitting buildings, expanding community participation in planning processes, and developing financial incentives aligned with social and environmental objectives. 🔑 Steering Principles Three guiding principles are proposed for advancing just transitions: commitment to circular and regenerative economic models, empowerment through education and independent tools, and embedding human rights in everyday practices. 📝 Conclusions The report concludes that achieving a just transition in the built environment requires a fundamental shift in value perception, prioritizing social functions over economic gains, and crafting a new narrative that merges social justice with environmental sustainability. It calls for a collective effort to redefine progress beyond traditional GDP metrics, incorporating indicators that reflect human well-being and ecological health. This report serves as a crucial resource for policymakers, businesses, and civil society organizations committed to balancing environmental goals with social equity in urban development. | |
Dr. Daniel Dettling & others | Genossenschaftsverband & Zukunftsinstitut | Article | 2022 | 📄 Context and Background The study "Aufbruch in die WIR-Ökonomie" was published by the Genossenschaftsverband and Zukunftsinstitut on May 31, 2022. The authorship is credited to Dr. Daniel Dettling from Zukunftsinstitut, focusing on the potential of cooperatives in shaping the future of rural areas in Germany amidst significant societal and economic changes. This research highlights the alignment of cooperative principles with emerging needs for sustainability, regional development, and social cohesion. 🌱 Key Findings The study reveals that cooperatives are perceived as pivotal in fostering a sustainable, solidarity-based, and efficient economy. According to the findings, 69% of Germans believe cooperatives hold future potential, while 76% recognize them as essential problem solvers for society. The research identifies several impactful megatrends, including Neo-Ecology, Connectivity, Mobility, and Silver Society, particularly beneficial for rural areas and presenting new opportunities for cooperative business models. 🌍 Glocalization and Digitalization The trend towards "glocalization" emphasizes the connection between global and local developments, enhancing regional production and supply chains. Additionally, digitalization facilitates new living and working arrangements in rural areas, making them more appealing. Key sectors ripe for cooperative involvement include social infrastructure, housing, climate protection, mobility, local supply, agriculture, and financial services. ⚠️ Challenges Despite the potential, the study highlights challenges such as a lack of awareness about cooperatives, particularly among younger demographics, and the necessity for greater support in establishing new cooperatives. 🔍 Recommendations The authors recommend leveraging the ongoing crises for new opportunities by merging solidarity, ecological principles, and digitalization. They stress the importance of simplifying the cooperative founding process, enhancing citizen participation, and promoting diverse leadership. 💡 Implications The findings indicate that cooperatives are strategically positioned to tackle challenges related to energy transition, healthcare, digitalization, and local supply chains. However, to harness their full potential, increased awareness and support for cooperative development, especially among younger generations, is essential. The study advocates for a strategic approach that capitalizes on the strengths of cooperatives in community engagement and sustainable business models to drive innovation and resilience in rural economies across Europe. | |
Prof. Julian Wékel, David Ohnsorge | Institute for Urban Development and Construction (ISW) | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Authors The document titled "Beispielhafte Projekte der Quartiersentwicklung – Neue Materialien zur Planungskultur" was created by the Institute for Urban Development and Construction (ISW) and authored by Prof. Julian Wékel and David Ohnsorge. Released on September 1, 2024, this study provides an in-depth overview of innovative neighborhood development projects in Germany, aimed at promoting sustainable housing and urban development. 🏙️ Introduction The study presents successful neighborhood development projects that have made significant contributions to sustainable urban growth, social cohesion, and community engagement. By analyzing best practices, it serves as a valuable resource for urban developers and policymakers interested in fostering sustainable communities. 🔍 Methodology The analysis encompasses 15 exemplary neighborhood projects across Germany, selected for their innovative approaches, sustainability, and social impact. The evaluation criteria included urban planning, architecture, social integration, community engagement, and economic viability, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of each project. 📈 Key Findings - Integrated Urban Planning: The projects highlighted the significance of involving multiple stakeholders and addressing social, economic, and environmental dimensions in urban planning. - Community Engagement: Active involvement of the community was crucial, creating a sense of ownership and fostering responsibility among residents. - Sustainable Building Practices: Examples of energy-efficient designs, green roofs, and the use of recycled materials showcased innovative sustainable construction methods. - Social Integration: Many projects focused on social integration, providing affordable housing and community facilities that encourage social interaction. - Economic Viability: Mixed-use developments incorporating local businesses and community-led initiatives demonstrated both economic sustainability and viability. 💡 Best Practices The study outlines several best practices for neighborhood development: - Participatory Planning: Engaging residents, stakeholders, and local authorities in the planning process. - Integrated Design: Merging various disciplines such as urban planning, architecture, and landscape design. - Community-Led Initiatives: Empowering local communities to take ownership of development efforts. - Sustainable Practices: Incorporating energy-efficient designs, green infrastructure, and recycled materials. 🔚 Conclusion In conclusion, successful neighborhood development necessitates a holistic approach that integrates social, economic, and environmental factors. The study emphasizes the value of community engagement, participatory planning, and sustainable building practices in creating vibrant and inclusive neighborhoods, providing essential insights for a pan-European audience focused on sustainable housing solutions. | |
EURICSE, CIRIEC, Spatial Foresight & others | European Union | Study / Report / HandbookResearch Paper | 2024 | 📊 Context of the Study This report, published by the European Union on October 16, 2024, presents the findings of a comprehensive study on the socio-economic performance of the social economy within the EU. The research was conducted by a collaboration of experts from the European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises (EURICSE), the International Centre of Research and Information on the Public, Social and Cooperative Economy (CIRIEC), and Spatial Foresight. This initiative aligns with the goals outlined in the European Commission's 2021 Social Economy Action Plan, which aims to enhance the visibility and understanding of the social economy across Europe. 🏢 Overview of the Social Economy The study reveals that there are over 4.3 million social economy entities operating within the European Union. These entities employ at least 11.5 million individuals, accounting for approximately 6.3% of total employment across the EU. The social economy encompasses various organizational forms, including cooperatives, mutual societies, associations, foundations, and social enterprises. Among these, associations dominate in number, with approximately 3.8 million, followed by cooperatives, which number around 240,000. 📈 Employment and Economic Impact Social enterprises play a significant role in the economy, with an estimated 246,000 such entities present. Of these, about 43,000 are recognized legally, while the remaining 203,000 operate in practice without formal recognition. Employment is significantly concentrated within associations and cooperatives, employing around 6.2 million and 3.3 million people, respectively. The sectors with the highest employment figures include health and social care (at least 3.3 million), education (702,000), and arts, culture, and entertainment (622,000). 🌍 Data Challenges and Variability Despite these promising figures, the study highlights ongoing challenges related to data availability and comparability across different EU member states. Only a limited number of countries possess comprehensive national statistics regarding the social economy. Additionally, there is notable variability in the recognition and understanding of the social economy concept, with some Western European nations exhibiting stronger traditions than others. 📅 Future Directions The report aims to enhance data collection efforts and improve the representation of the social economy at both national and EU levels. By working closely with researchers across all 27 Member States, the study seeks to establish a more robust framework for understanding the social economy's impact and potential growth within Europe. | |
Helen Whittle | Deutsche Welle | Article | 2025 | 🌍 Context and Background This article was published by Deutsche Welle, a prominent German international broadcaster known for its comprehensive coverage of global events. The author, Helen Whittle, explores the ongoing housing crisis in Berlin, particularly focusing on the controversial plans to develop Tempelhofer Feld, a former airfield that has been transformed into a public recreational area since 2010. 🏙️ Housing Crisis in Berlin Berlin faces a significant housing crisis, with a shortage of over 800,000 apartments. The median monthly rent has surged by 85.2%, from €8.50 per square meter in 2015 to €15.74 in 2024. The city government has proposed the construction of new residential buildings on Tempelhofer Feld to address this acute demand. However, this plan is met with resistance from local residents and environmentalists, who emphasize the site's ecological and recreational value. 🏗️ Development Plans The Berlin government aims to construct numerous five- to ten-story buildings and several high-rise structures, reducing the green space from 305 hectares to 180 hectares. While the construction industry supports these plans as a necessary step to alleviate the housing shortage, local opposition remains strong. A 2014 referendum resulted in approximately 64.3% of voters choosing to protect Tempelhofer Feld from development, highlighting the tension between housing needs and community preservation. 🏢 Government Initiatives The incoming coalition government, comprising the Christian Democrats (CDU) and the Social Democrats (SPD), has introduced a "Wohnungsbau-Turbo" initiative to accelerate housing construction, streamline bureaucracy, and offer funding for new projects. Despite these efforts, construction activity declined in 2023, with only 15,965 new apartments completed, attributed to rising interest rates and economic challenges. 🌱 Community Concerns Community members and environmental advocates argue that the proposed development threatens the unique character of Tempelhofer Feld, which hosts various community projects and serves as a habitat for endangered species. Critics, including members of the citizens' action group "100% Tempelhofer Feld," fear that the government’s focus on construction is driven more by profit than by genuine housing needs. 🚧 Future Outlook While the government is exploring potential developments on the periphery of Tempelhofer Feld, opposition parties argue that the initiatives are misaligned with the actual housing needs of Berliners. They advocate for alternative solutions that prioritize sustainable urban development and preservation of open spaces. The ongoing debate encapsulates the broader challenges of balancing housing demands with environmental and community considerations in urban planning across Europe. | |
Emma Jo Griffith, Mirte Jepma, Federico Savini & others | International Journal of Housing Policy | Research Paper | 2022 | This comprehensive academic paper titled "Beyond collective property: a typology of collaborative housing in Europe" was published in September 2022 in the International Journal of Housing Policy. The authors, Emma Jo Griffith, Mirte Jepma, and Federico Savini from the University of Amsterdam, aimed to analyze 100 collaborative housing cases across Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, and Germany to better understand the diversity of collaborative housing forms. 🌍 Research Context The study arose from the necessity to explore various forms of collaborative housing beyond simple private or public tenure models. The researchers utilized a content analysis of project websites and social media, conducted interviews with ten experts, and performed an in-depth case study of the 4Stelle Hotel in Rome. This approach provided a rich understanding of the different collaborative housing models present in Europe. 🏠 Key Findings: Typology Framework The research established a typology framework based on three main dimensions for analyzing collaborative housing: architecture, institutional setup, and organization. 1. Architecture: The study examined estate size and design of shared spaces. It identified projects ranging from small (under 10 residents) to extra-large (over 100 residents), highlighting two main sharing regimes: sharing only extra spaces (such as gardens and parking) and sharing both functional and essential spaces (like kitchens and laundry facilities). 2. Institutional Arrangements: This dimension included the legal status of the projects, which could either be formally recognized or operate in a trans-legal status. Property rights were analyzed as either dispersed across multiple entities or concentrated within one group, with management varying from self-managed to professionally managed. 3. Organizational Values: The study identified five main value orientations prevalent in collaborative housing: eco-communitarian, intergenerational, identity-based, affordability-focused, and service provision. 🔍 Significance of the Research This research provides the first comprehensive typology for comparing collaborative housing projects across different European contexts. It challenges simplistic assumptions about collaborative housing, demonstrating that successful projects can exist at various scales and with different combinations of features. The typology serves as a valuable tool for researchers and policymakers to understand and analyze the complexity of collaborative housing initiatives. In conclusion, the study reveals that collaborative housing in Europe is more diverse and intricate than previously understood, laying the foundation for more nuanced international comparative research in the field of sustainable housing. | |
BLOXHUB, The Shift & others | BLOXHUB | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperPolicy Brief | 2024 | This comprehensive report titled "Building Equity: Housing as a Key to a Low-Carbon Society" was published in November 2024 by BLOXHUB, a platform focused on creating sustainable urban environments, with contributions from The Shift and funding from the Laudes Foundation. 🏘️ Context and Challenges The report addresses pressing challenges in Europe, where 10.6% of urban residents struggle with housing costs, and the EU's carbon budget for the built environment is projected to be exhausted within the next ten years at current emission levels. To align with the Paris Agreement, new buildings are required to achieve a remarkable 94% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050. 🌍 Interconnected Issues The findings highlight the interrelation between the housing crisis and climate emergency. Ensuring housing affordability and implementing decarbonization initiatives are dual challenges that necessitate integrated solutions. Energy-efficient homes have been identified as a pathway to enhance long-term affordability by lowering utility costs. However, the industry must also consider the immediate financial implications involved in achieving these decarbonization goals without compromising housing affordability. 🤝 Collaborative Solutions The report underscores that no single sector—public, private, or third—can tackle these challenges in isolation. Effective public-private partnerships are essential for securing the long-term financing required to address these issues. Moreover, robust government support, consistent mechanisms, and decisive political leadership are crucial for driving progress. 💡 Innovative Approaches Key areas for innovation identified in the report include new building practices such as regenerative design and flexible living spaces, as well as innovative business models that involve infrastructure investment and profit-sharing with tenants. Financial innovation is also emphasized, particularly through impact investment frameworks and blended finance models. Policy innovations such as fast-tracking permits and protecting against renovictions, along with community initiatives like land trusts and retrofit hubs, are recommended. 📋 Recommendations The report concludes with several recommendations: recognizing housing as a fundamental human right, exploring new investment structures, unlocking industry innovation, fostering collaboration between sectors, increasing agency among developers, and enhancing transparency and knowledge. 🔍 Methodology The report's insights were derived from a thorough literature review, expert interviews, and engagement workshops across Europe, as well as consultations with global practitioners. This effort aims to identify barriers and opportunities within the industry, providing a foundational step towards generating social value in real estate and promoting sustainable, affordable housing solutions across Europe. | |
C40 Cities | C40 Cities | Study / Report / Handbook | 2023 | The C40 Annual Report 2023 provides a detailed overview of the C40 Cities organization, which consists of nearly 100 mayors from leading urban areas worldwide. Published in April 2023, the report focuses on the urgent need for city-led initiatives to combat climate change. In a year of unprecedented global heating, where temperatures exceeded the 1.5°C threshold, the report emphasizes the importance of transformative actions at the city level. 🌍 Context and Missions C40 Cities aims to empower urban regions to lead the fight against climate change through science-based policies and collaboration. The organization has consolidated its efforts around two main missions: phasing out fossil fuels to mitigate climate breakdown and addressing the impacts of climate change by enhancing urban resilience and equity. 📊 Key Findings and Sub-Missions C40’s core missions are supported by four critical sub-missions: demonstrating the harmful effects of fossil gas, establishing low or zero-emission transport zones, unlocking investments for urban climate projects, and creating 50 million green jobs by 2030. These priorities are fundamental to C40's global advocacy and policy efforts. 🌱 Major Initiatives and Achievements In 2023, significant initiatives included the launch of "Breathe Cities," which aims to improve air quality in 11 cities, and the establishment of youth networks to engage younger generations in climate action. Cities such as Bogotá and Warsaw adopted ambitious climate action plans, while Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba led projects in renewable energy. Notably, the "LOW-Methane" initiative targeted methane reductions in cities like Mumbai. 👥 Inclusive Climate Action C40 expanded its Inclusive Climate Action Programme, addressing structural inequalities while tackling climate challenges. Projects included support for informal waste workers in Accra and enhancing resilience for people with disabilities in Vancouver. The Women4Climate Mentorship Programme empowered over 1,000 women leaders globally. 💼 Green Jobs Creation C40 cities collectively created over 14 million green jobs across sectors such as waste management and energy. Johannesburg trained officials on green building policies to bolster local job creation. 🔮 Future Outlook As C40's current business plan concludes in 2024, the organization plans to develop a new strategy for 2025-2030, aiming to halve emissions by 2030 and ensure a just energy transition. The report highlights cities' critical role in mitigating climate change while promoting equity and innovation in sustainable housing. | |
Matsuo Bashō | The Guardian | Article | 2021 | The Guardian, a prominent British news outlet, published an article on April 4, 2021, discussing the potential of housing cooperatives (co-ops) as a solution to the ongoing housing crisis in the UK. The article highlights the struggles faced by individuals like Sophie Slater, who experienced precarious private rentals and exorbitant living conditions before finding stability in a housing co-op. Slater pays £65 a week for her room in Sanford, the oldest purpose-built housing co-op in London, which is significantly less than private sector rents. Housing co-ops emerged in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, originating from the squatting movement. These co-ops typically consist of buildings managed by a collective of members who pay below-market rents that contribute to property upkeep. Most co-ops do not provide equity ownership, but some, like Lancaster Cohousing, allow members to own shareable equity in their homes. The article notes that the rapid increase in private rents, particularly in London, has exacerbated the housing crisis, pushing many individuals to pay more than half their income on rent. Despite the benefits of affordability, safety, and community, housing co-ops face challenges in gaining wider recognition. The article mentions a cultural shift needed in how tenants perceive their roles, as co-ops require members to actively participate in maintenance and management. While some residents thrive in this communal living environment, issues such as cliques and the potential for conflict can arise. The article also addresses the historical context of housing co-ops in the UK, noting that many councils have reclaimed short-life housing co-ops in recent years. This has left some residents, like Trace Newton, in precarious situations, facing the threat of eviction despite their long-term contributions to property upkeep. The article concludes by asserting that while housing co-ops are not a comprehensive solution to the housing crisis, they represent a viable alternative for those willing to invest time and effort into community-led housing initiatives. With recent government support for community housing projects, there is potential for growth in this sector, but achieving widespread acceptance and the necessary infrastructure remains a challenge. | |
Servet Yanatma | Euronews | Article | 2025 | 🏙️ Context and Overview This article, published by Euronews and authored by Servet Yanatma, was created on July 22, 2025, to address the pressing issue of housing affordability in Europe. It highlights the growing share of household budgets allocated to housing, fueled by high rent prices in city centers, which disproportionately affects low-income earners and those on minimum wage. 📊 Rent-to-Salary Ratios Across Europe According to Eurostat data, the rent-to-salary ratio varies significantly among European cities. In 2025, it was reported that rents for one-bedroom apartments in city centers can consume nearly an entire salary, with some cities seeing ratios above 100%. For instance, Lisbon and Istanbul reflect ratios of 116% and 101%, respectively, indicating that average net salaries are insufficient to cover rent. Conversely, Geneva has the lowest rent-to-salary ratio in Europe at 29%, showcasing a more favorable housing situation. 💰 Salary Disparities Salary levels across Europe also exhibit significant disparities. In 2025, average monthly net salaries range from €151 in Cairo to €7,307 in Geneva. Major cities in Northern and Western Europe, such as Luxembourg, Amsterdam, and Frankfurt, report net salaries exceeding €4,000. However, cities like Athens and Istanbul struggle with lower salaries of €1,044 and €855, respectively. Notably, Rome has the lowest average salary among the five largest European economies at €2,046. 🏠 Rental Prices in Major Cities Rental prices vary widely, with the highest rent for one-bedroom apartments in London at €2,732, while Athens offers the lowest at €595. Other cities like Zurich, Dublin, Amsterdam, and Geneva see rents exceeding €2,000, highlighting the pressure on housing costs. This further complicates the affordability issue, particularly in major urban centers. 📉 Disposable Income After Rent The analysis indicates that disposable income after paying rent is extremely low in cities like Lisbon, where residents face a negative balance of –€202. In contrast, Swiss cities, such as Geneva and Zurich, provide the highest disposable incomes after rent, at €5,174 and €4,638, respectively. This stark contrast emphasizes the need for improved housing policies to ensure sustainable living conditions across Europe. 🌍 Global Comparisons The report compares European cities to global counterparts, revealing that cities like New York have a rent-to-salary ratio of 81%, indicating similar challenges in housing affordability. The findings illustrate the urgent need for sustainable housing solutions that address the growing disparity in rent-to-salary ratios and the overall cost of living across Europe. | |
Holland Circular Hotspot, the Transition Team Circular Construction Economy, Arcadis & others | Holland Circular Hotspot | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy BriefResearch Paper | 2023 | 🌍 Context and Publisher The publication titled Circular Buildings: constructing a sustainable future is a collaborative effort from several Dutch entities, including Holland Circular Hotspot, the Transition Team Circular Construction Economy, Arcadis, and various ministries of the Netherlands. This document is part of a series that addresses circular challenges and opportunities across various sectors such as infrastructure, plastics, manufacturing, and textiles. The aim is to foster a transition toward more sustainable practices in these industries. 🏗️ Addressing Building Sector Challenges The primary focus of this publication is to explore how circular economy concepts can be applied to overcome challenges in the building sector. As the construction industry is a significant contributor to environmental degradation, the publication emphasizes the need for innovative approaches that support a transition towards a more sustainable and resilient industry. It highlights that circular practices can significantly reduce waste and optimize resource use, ultimately benefiting both the environment and the economy. 📊 Good Practices and Framework The document provides 25 good practices derived from the construction value chain, showcasing effective strategies and initiatives that have been implemented successfully. These practices serve as a roadmap for stakeholders in the construction industry, demonstrating practical examples of how circular economy principles can be integrated into building processes. In addition to practical examples, the publication outlines a comprehensive framework aimed at facilitating an international shift towards circular construction. This framework includes essential elements such as policies, measurement standards, collaboration initiatives, and knowledge exchange mechanisms. By establishing clear guidelines and fostering cooperation among various stakeholders, the framework aims to encourage broader adoption of circular practices within the construction sector. 🔗 Access and Further Information The publication is accessible through the URL: Circular Buildings: constructing a sustainable future. It serves as a vital resource for industry professionals, policymakers, and academics interested in sustainable housing and circular economy principles, providing insights and actionable strategies to promote a more sustainable future in construction. | |
External service providers and EIB experts | Circular City Funding Guide | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy BriefOnline Portal | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Purpose The "Circular City Funding Guide" was created in response to the growing need for municipalities, businesses, and other urban actors to transition toward circular economies within urban contexts. Developed by external service providers and experts from the European Investment Bank (EIB), and funded by the European Investment Advisory Hub, the guide aims to address the challenges faced by cities in Europe regarding the implementation of circular projects. It emphasizes the necessity of effective knowledge dissemination on funding opportunities available for circular initiatives. 💰 Focus Areas The guide primarily focuses on two key areas: first, it provides comprehensive information about various financing and funding sources available for circular initiatives and projects. Second, it offers guidelines for establishing funding programs that can support the transition to a circular economy. The guide not only discusses grant and subsidy types of financial support but also explores alternative financing options such as debt, equity, and guarantees. 📊 Importance of Circular Economy The circular economy presents significant potential in urban settings, where cities have been experimenting with innovative circular projects. However, the up-scaling and large-scale deployment of these initiatives have been limited, often due to difficulties in accessing necessary funding. The guide aims to overcome these hurdles by sharing knowledge, best practices, and information on effective financing strategies for circular solutions. 🔗 Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing The initiative was launched under the Urban Agenda Partnership for Circular Economy, where cities and institutions identified the need for better dissemination of knowledge regarding funding for circular transitions. The guide encourages sharing learnings, questions, success stories, and other relevant insights through a dedicated LinkedIn group, fostering collaboration among stakeholders interested in sustainable urban development. 🇪🇺 Support from the EU This portal has been developed with the financial assistance of the European Union, highlighting the EU's commitment to promoting circular economies. However, the views expressed in the guide do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union, underscoring the importance of independent perspectives in shaping the discourse around sustainable housing and urban development. In summary, the "Circular City Funding Guide" serves as a vital resource for European stakeholders seeking to advance sustainable housing initiatives through innovative funding strategies, thereby promoting the broader goals of circular economies in urban environments. | |
A consortium of 7 organisations | a consortium of 7 organisations | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperPolicy Brief | 2023 | The Circular Economy Taxonomy Study, published in February 2023, was conducted by a consortium of seven organizations, comprising various European green building councils, and involved 29 market participants from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Turkey. The study aimed to assess the market-readiness of the proposed Circular Economy EU Taxonomy criteria for building activities by applying them to 38 real building case studies, which included 35 new construction projects and 3 renovation projects. 🔍 Study Findings The findings revealed that none of the 38 assessed buildings could be classified as aligned with the proposed taxonomy criteria. The primary reasons for this lack of alignment include insufficient circular economy-focused data, significant internal knowledge gaps, and the absence of clear implementation action plans and performance indicators. Structural barriers such as a lack of appropriately aligned frameworks, definitions, digital tools, and clear documentation guidance further hindered the active engagement with and implementation of circular economy principles in the construction and real estate sectors. ♻️ Project Compliance Interestingly, 90% of the projects adhered to the EU Construction & Demolition Waste Protocol, yet only 40% prepared 90% of waste for reuse or recycling, which is a Taxonomy requirement. Furthermore, while 90% of projects conducted a life cycle assessment, 80% were unable to publish their results publicly due to a lack of member state registers. A significant 70% of projects supported circularity in design, focusing on resource efficiency, adaptability, and dismantlability, with 80% meeting related Do No Significant Harm (DNSH) requirements. 📊 Material Quotas and Challenges None of the projects met the material quotas, which require a minimum of 50% reused, recycled, or renewable materials, with only one-third meeting the renewable materials quota. Key challenges identified included data shortages, high benchmarks, and ambiguity in methods. However, 90% of the projects successfully avoided the use of asbestos and hazardous substances. 📈 Recommendations The study concluded by providing recommendations to the EU Commission and the Platform on Sustainable Finance regarding the ambiguities in scope, definitions, and documentation needs. It emphasized the necessity for improved frameworks, tools, infrastructure, and ecosystems to enable circularity in the built environment, acknowledging that while the proposed taxonomy criteria are ambitious, testing studies like this one are essential for building organizational capacities and identifying areas for improvement towards achieving a circular economy. | |
Brigitte Alfter, Jose Miguel Calatayud & others | Journalism Arena | Study / Report / Handbook | 2022 | 🏠 Context and Overview The project "Cities for Rent: Investigating Corporate Landlords Across Europe" emerged from high demand for rental flats amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting a significant crisis in housing affordability across European cities. A collaborative effort involving over 25 investigative journalists and data experts from 16 countries, the initiative aims to explore the rise of corporate landlords and their impact on local housing markets. The project has been recognized with multiple awards, including the European Press Prize. 💰 Investment Surge Since the financial crisis, investments in residential real estate in Europe have skyrocketed by over 700%, increasing from €7.9 billion in 2009 to €66.9 billion in 2020. This surge is primarily fueled by international investment funds and housing corporations that have been buying properties across major European cities. The lack of transparency from these corporate landlords presents a challenge for understanding the full extent of their influence on housing availability. 🔍 Case Studies The investigation revealed troubling patterns in various cities. In Madrid, for instance, more than 4,800 homes originally intended for affordable housing were sold to American corporate landlords like Blackstone, who subsequently raised rents significantly, leading to tenant evictions. Similar stories emerged from Dublin, where tenants faced aggressive eviction tactics, and Lisbon, where properties were misrepresented for profit despite being occupied. Reports of abusive practices by landlords such as Akelius have been documented in several cities including Paris, London, and Berlin. 📉 Data Challenges The project highlights a critical issue: a lack of accessible data regarding housing markets. Many local governments are unaware of the full impact of corporate landlords in their regions, which complicates the conversation around housing affordability. The absence of reliable data hampers efforts to address the ongoing housing crisis effectively. 🌍 Collaborative Research "Cities for Rent" seeks to initiate a broader dialogue and collaboration for cross-border research into housing issues across Europe. The project aims to provide a data catalogue and share research methodologies to enhance transparency and understanding of the housing market, ultimately advocating for informed public discourse on housing affordability and tenant rights. The initiative encourages contributions from the public to further enrich the research effort. | |
Ricky Burdett, Philipp Rode, Anna Herrhausen & others. | LSE Cities | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperArticle | 2022 | 🌍 Context The document titled "Cities in the 2020s - Urban Age Debates" is a comprehensive exploration of how cities are responding to significant global changes, including the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and increasing inequality. Published by LSE Cities at the London School of Economics, it integrates insights from various urban thought leaders and practitioners through a series of debates held between January 2021 and January 2022. 🏙️ Urban Dynamics The report discusses the pressing need for urban leaders to create livable, equitable, and resilient cities while addressing the challenges posed by the digital age. It emphasizes that as urban dynamics evolve, there is a growing urgency to rethink how cities are structured and how they can better serve their residents. The Urban Age Programme has been investigating urban futures since 2004, aiming to inform public discourse around these critical issues. 💼 Remote Work One of the key debates examines the impact of remote work on urban life. The shift towards knowledge workers operating from home has raised questions about the future of city centers and the need for human interaction in professional settings. A survey indicated that over 61% of urban practitioners believe a major restructuring of knowledge work locations is likely, with a strong inclination towards hybrid models. 🚶 Humanizing Cities Another significant focus is on the humanization of urban spaces. The report argues that design can promote social cohesion and healthier lifestyles, addressing the evolving ways people interact within urban environments. The concept of the 15-minute city, where all essential services are accessible within a short walk or bike ride, is discussed, though some experts caution against its feasibility in diverse urban contexts. 🚆 Localizing Transport The report highlights the localization of transport as a crucial area for urban development. It indicates a potential shift towards more walkable urban districts and a reduction in reliance on private motor vehicles. A survey revealed that 67% of respondents anticipate an increase in active transport modes, such as cycling and walking, contributing to more sustainable urban mobility. 🛍️ Changing Retail Patterns Lastly, the document addresses the rationalization of shopping in urban areas, noting that the pandemic has accelerated the shift to e-commerce. The discussion emphasizes the need for urban retail to adapt by integrating mixed-use spaces that can serve community needs beyond traditional shopping. The interplay between digital and physical retail environments is identified as essential for future urban success, pointing to a need for innovative urban planning and design. | |
Julia Förster, Julita Skodra, Katleen De Flander & others | K-Lab | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperInteractive Research | 2023 | The CMMM (Critical Mapping for Municipalist Movements) project is a research initiative focused on empowering civil society to foster just societies and cities through political transformation. Launched in December 2017 during a Robert Bosch Stiftung event, the project was led by researchers and activists including Julia Förster, Julita Skodra, Katleen De Flander, Natasha Aruri, and Andreas Brück. It received funding from the Robert Bosch Stiftung and support from K LAB at TU Berlin. Over 3.5 years, from 2019 to 2023, the project explored critical mapping in three cities: Barcelona, Belgrade, and Berlin. 🌍 Key Findings and Themes Central to the project is the democratization of mapping technologies, traditionally seen as elitist. By making these tools accessible, CMMM aims to empower communities to visualize and advocate for change in complex urban issues. The research emphasizes the importance of municipalist movements in reshaping local politics, with each city providing unique insights into the challenges they face. A critical focus of the research is housing, addressing common concerns such as affordability, evictions, and real estate financialization. 🏢 City-Specific Insights In Belgrade, a housing crisis exacerbated by neoliberal policies has led to a high percentage of privately owned housing. The Ministry of Space collective is actively working to address these issues through advocacy and critical mapping. Berlin, with a majority tenant population, faces gentrification and affordability challenges, prompting civic initiatives to push for governance that prioritizes the common good. Barcelona’s housing crisis is driven by tourism demand and insufficient tenant protections, leading local movements to advocate for stronger public housing policies. 🛠️ Methodology CMMM employed a collaborative approach through workshops, mapping exercises, and the development of interactive tools to visualize urban data. Guided by principles of feminist data visualization, the project emphasized pluralism and empowerment, ensuring sensitivity to local contexts. In summary, the CMMM project provides a valuable model for utilizing critical mapping to support municipalist movements in addressing urban housing challenges. It underscores the significance of local context while fostering international collaboration among activists and researchers, making it relevant for a pan-European audience interested in sustainable housing solutions. | |
Darinka Czischke, Claire Carriou, Richard Lang & others | Housing, Theory and Society Journal | Research Paper | 2020 | This comprehensive academic article titled "Collaborative Housing in Europe: Conceptualizing the Field" was published in January 2020 by Darinka Czischke, Claire Carriou, and Richard Lang in the Housing, Theory and Society journal. The paper examines the emerging field of collaborative housing (CH) in Europe since the 2000s, addressing significant contemporary housing challenges through collaborative models. 🏠 Definition and Scope Collaborative housing is defined as an umbrella term that includes various forms of collective self-organized housing. Key models under this definition comprise resident-led cooperatives, cohousing projects, community land trusts (CLTs), community self-help initiatives, and self-build housing projects. These initiatives encourage collaboration among residents, fostering active participation in housing development and management while focusing on shared goals of sustainability and social inclusion. 🌍 Historical Context While collective housing has historical roots, the recent revival since 2000 responds to modern challenges such as social inclusion, housing affordability, environmental sustainability, and democratic governance. This context underscores the necessity for community-based solutions in addressing pressing housing issues across Europe. ⚖️ Key Tensions and Challenges The article identifies several key tensions within collaborative housing, particularly concerning social inclusion. There is a noted tension between the desire for social cohesion and the need for diversity, as well as the risk of exclusivity that may arise due to the social and cultural capital required for participation. Additionally, organizational structure presents challenges, including balancing the interests of internal members with community needs and navigating the competing influences of bottom-up versus top-down approaches. 🇪🇺 European Context The research illustrates how collaborative housing manifests differently across European countries. For instance, Denmark emphasizes cooperative homeownership, while France integrates collaborative models within the social housing sector. England focuses on community land trusts, and Finland showcases owner-occupied collective projects. These variations highlight the adaptability of collaborative housing initiatives to local contexts and institutional settings. In conclusion, the research asserts that collaborative housing offers a flexible and adaptive approach to housing provision in Europe, shaped by local circumstances while promoting both individual and collective agency. However, it also acknowledges the challenges of maintaining inclusivity and balancing the interests of various stakeholders in the implementation of these initiatives. | |
Maria Francesca De Tullio & others | Creative Industry Košice | Study / Report / HandbookAcademic Thesis | 2025 | 🌍 Context of the Publication The document titled "Commons: Between Dreams and Reality" is edited by Maria Francesca De Tullio and published by Creative Industry Košice in 2020. This work examines the role of cultural commons in fostering democratic participation and social inclusion across Europe, particularly in the context of urban governance. The European Commission supports this publication, highlighting its relevance to ongoing discussions about sustainable housing and community-led initiatives. 🏛️ Cultural Commons and Urban Spaces The book argues that cultural commons can facilitate self-organization and collective actions that challenge traditional governance structures. It emphasizes the importance of cultural resources as tools for social justice and community resilience. The contributors explore various models of urban commons, focusing on case studies that illustrate successful participatory practices. 🛠️ Case Studies and Key Insights One significant focus is the occupation of Cavallerizza Reale in Turin, Italy, where a community of citizens transformed a neglected space into a self-managed cultural center. The case exemplifies the possibilities and challenges of community-led initiatives. It also illustrates how local governance can either empower or hinder commoning practices, particularly in the context of EU funding and regulations. 🌱 Challenges of Implementation The authors highlight the tension between top-down regulations and grassroots movements. They argue that while EU policies aim to promote inclusivity, they often reinforce existing power dynamics that favor larger stakeholders. The Regulation on Commons in Turin, for instance, has faced criticism for lacking genuine participatory processes, leading to fears of ‘commons washing’—where initiatives are labeled as communal but serve privatization interests. 📊 Key Data and Statistics The publication points out that only 0.14% of the EU budget is allocated to cultural initiatives, suggesting a significant gap in funding for grassroots cultural projects. It also notes the growing disconnect between local communities and EU institutions, exacerbated by austerity measures and shifts in urban governance. 🔍 Conclusion "Commons: Between Dreams and Reality" provides valuable insights into the intersection of cultural practices, urban governance, and sustainable housing. It advocates for a reevaluation of how urban spaces are managed and highlights the potential of cultural commons as a means of fostering more equitable and inclusive communities across Europe. | |
Sergio Nasarre-Aznar, Milan Ftáčnik, Núria Lambea-Llop & others | Friedrich Ebert Stiftung and the Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS) | Study / Report / Handbook | 2021 | ## 🌍 Context The report titled "Concrete Actions for Social and Affordable Housing in the EU" was published by the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in collaboration with the Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS). Authored by a team of experts coordinated by Sergio Nasarre-Aznar, a notable figure in housing law and policy, this document was published in 2021 to address the critical issues surrounding social and affordable housing in the European Union (EU). The report draws on the expertise of various foundations and institutions committed to improving housing conditions across Europe. ## 🏠 Key Findings The report highlights the significant housing challenges faced by the EU, particularly issues of affordability that are intensified by urbanization, financialization, and gentrification. These challenges not only impact low-income individuals but also affect middle-income families and younger generations seeking stable housing. The diversity of social housing across EU member states is notable, with variations in funding mechanisms, allocation processes, and management strategies. Despite these differences, common characteristics include a focus on affordability and targeted allocation based on necessity. ## 📊 Country Studies Incorporating detailed case studies from several EU countries, including Spain, the Netherlands, the UK, Slovakia, Austria, and Latvia, the report showcases best practices and valuable lessons learned in social housing policies. These examples illustrate how different approaches can effectively address housing needs and improve living conditions. ## 📈 Policy Recommendations The report puts forth several policy recommendations aimed at tackling the multifaceted housing challenges at local, regional, national, and EU levels. It emphasizes the necessity of aligning housing policies with sustainable development goals and encourages innovative solutions such as shared ownership and temporal ownership to enhance housing affordability. Furthermore, it advocates for a coordinated strategy at the EU level to ensure that all citizens have access to adequate living conditions, leveraging EU funds and legislative tools to support social housing initiatives. ## 💡 Lessons Learned Key lessons drawn from the report include the importance of research-based policies that reflect local contexts, the value of a continuum of housing tenures to mitigate market volatility, and the effectiveness of public-private collaborations in increasing social housing stock. Additionally, coherent legislation across multiple governance levels is crucial to addressing housing issues effectively. ## 🏘️ Conclusion Ultimately, the report underscores the necessity of integrated approaches to address the complex challenges of social and affordable housing in the EU. It calls for innovative solutions, enhanced coordination among stakeholders, and strategic resource allocation to ensure that all citizens have access to adequate housing. | |
Corinna Hölzl | Housing Critical | Research Paper | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Publication The document titled "Cooperative Housing Pioneers in Central and South-Eastern Europe" was published in Volume 12, Issue 1 of a journal focused on housing studies. It was created by Corinna Hölzl from the Geography Department at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and is part of a project funded by the German Research Foundation. The paper addresses the challenges faced by grassroots housing movements in Europe, particularly in semi-peripheral countries, emphasizing the need for innovative financing models. 📊 Key Challenges in Housing Financing is identified as the most significant obstacle for housing pioneers in Central and South-Eastern Europe (CSEE). The document highlights that over 70% of households in these regions own their homes due to privatization waves in the early 1990s, leading to a severe shortage of affordable rental and social housing. The rental market suffers from informal agreements and weak tenant protections, disproportionately affecting younger generations who did not benefit from past privatizations. High capital flows and investments have resulted in sharp rent increases in major cities like Prague, Budapest, and Zagreb. 🌐 MOBA and Translocal Networks In response to these challenges, the document discusses the emergence of MOBA, a solidarity-based transnational umbrella association of cooperative initiatives from Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia, and Slovenia. Founded in 2017 and legally constituted as a European Cooperative Society in 2020, MOBA aims to promote non-speculative housing alternatives and establish solidarity-based financing mechanisms. The organization seeks to counter financialized housing practices by facilitating cooperation among grassroots initiatives. 💡 Innovative Financing Models The study details MOBA's development of the MOBA-Accelerator, a revolving fund designed to provide interim financing for housing projects. This initiative aims to address the gap in affordable long-term project financing through donations, member shares, and bonds. Additionally, the Croatian organization ZEF is working towards establishing a European Ethical Bank to meet the financial needs of European SMEs. The document emphasizes the importance of transnational collaboration to create viable alternatives to commodified housing markets. 📈 Conclusion Overall, the document illustrates the complex interplay of financialization, community-led housing initiatives, and the need for innovative solutions to address housing challenges in Central and South-Eastern Europe. By fostering translocal networks and developing alternative financing models, organizations like MOBA are working towards creating sustainable housing alternatives that prioritize collective ownership structures and community well-being. | |
Alexia Reyes, Irene Macaya Munell, Carme Borrell & others. | BMC Public Health | Research Paper | 2024 | The article titled "Cooperative housing under a grant-of-use in Catalonia and health: pre-post analysis," published in BMC Public Health, explores the impact of cooperative housing models on health in Catalonia, Spain. The study is authored by a team of researchers including Alexia Reyes, Irene Macaya Munell, and Carme Borrell, among others, and aims to address the challenges of affordable housing, which is increasingly viewed as a social determinant of health. 🏠 Background and Methodology In Catalonia, affordable housing has become a pressing issue, with traditional models often failing to meet the needs of residents. The study focuses on cooperative housing under a grant-of-use, a model where properties are collectively owned and accessed through stable, predetermined fees. This research involved a longitudinal study conducted from July 2018 to April 2023, encompassing 152 individuals across 12 cooperative housing projects. Data were collected through baseline and follow-up surveys to assess health-related changes before and after moving into cooperative housing. 📈 Key Findings The findings from the study indicate that participants experienced significant improvements in their housing conditions and overall health after moving into cooperative housing. Specifically, the study reported a decrease in issues such as leaks, dampness, and poor insulation, with housing satisfaction levels rising from an average of 6.30 to 8.59. Mental health also showed positive trends, with an increase in individuals reporting good mental health—though the results were not statistically significant. Notably, the model promotes a sense of community, which appears to enhance social support among members. 🔍 Conclusions The results suggest that cooperative housing under a grant-of-use model in Catalonia can potentially offer an innovative solution to housing challenges while promoting better health outcomes. The study highlights the importance of collective ownership and community involvement in achieving sustainable living conditions. However, the authors emphasize the need for further research to fully understand the long-term health effects of this housing model, particularly as access to affordable housing remains a critical issue across Europe. This research aligns with broader European discussions on sustainable housing solutions, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches to address housing affordability and social determinants of health in urban environments. | |
DotCooperation LLC, Digital Commons Cooperative & others | DotCooperation LLC (DotCoop) and Digital Commons Cooperative | Online Portal | 2025 | 🌍 Context and Purpose The Cooperative World Map (CWM) was created as an interactive and regularly updated digital platform designed to unite and showcase cooperative entities globally. This initiative is a collaborative project by DotCooperation LLC (DotCoop) and Digital Commons Cooperative. The goal is to provide accessible, cohesive data on cooperatives, facilitating connections and enhancing awareness of the cooperative model's benefits. 🗺️ Features of the Cooperative World Map The CWM serves as a common digital hub for cooperatives, allowing them to connect, identify, and promote the strengths of their model. The map is live and can be explored at worldmap.coop. It provides significant value to the cooperative movement by offering easily accessible data that can support research and analysis on various trends and challenges faced by cooperatives. 🤝 Collaboration and Networking The platform empowers cooperatives to collaborate across various regions and sectors, thereby exercising Principle #6, which focuses on cooperation among cooperatives. Users can easily search for cooperatives by name, sector, or type, enhancing visibility and understanding of their impact in different areas. By highlighting the scale and scope of the cooperative community, organizations can form connections and showcase their economic influence. 🔄 Data Management and Accessibility Data provided through the CWM is sourced from a network of membership partners who contribute information either directly or through regular updates. The goal is to ensure that the data remains current, ideally refreshed every three months. The platform also utilizes artificial intelligence to analyze data, addressing local and global challenges effectively. 🌱 Mission and Vision The overarching mission of the CWM is to strengthen the global cooperative movement by fostering connections, sharing resources, and promoting the values of cooperation. By sharing knowledge and best practices, the CWM aims to enhance the role of cooperatives in the global economy, thereby contributing to a more equitable and sustainable world. 🛠️ Technology and Infrastructure The CWM is built using open-source mapping and data-sharing technology, which allows it to centralize public data voluntarily shared by cooperative organizations. This infrastructure is essential for presenting a comprehensive ecosystem of cooperatives and their supporting organizations worldwide. | |
Speaking: Housing Europe team & others | Housing Europe on YouTube | Video | 2024 | 📅 Context and Publisher Information The session on "Cooperatives in the Housing Sector" was organized by Housing Europe, a prominent organization representing public, cooperative, and social housing providers across Europe. The event took place as part of ongoing discussions regarding housing cooperatives, their role in providing affordable housing, and addressing the housing crisis in various European countries. The discussions were enriched by contributions from various experts, including representatives from established cooperatives, emerging housing initiatives, and policy-makers. 🏠 Importance of Housing Cooperatives Housing cooperatives are recognized for promoting affordability, community, and democratic governance, playing a crucial role in ensuring social equality. They are increasingly seen as viable solutions to the ongoing housing crisis exacerbated by rising rents and inadequate housing conditions. Effective member involvement and governance are essential for the success of these cooperatives, which also align with sustainability initiatives. 🌍 Current Trends in Housing Cooperatives The session highlighted a renewed interest in cooperative housing models across Europe. While some member states have seen a decline in cooperative structures, others have experienced a revival, indicating a diverse landscape for cooperative housing. For example, in Germany, cooperatives manage over 2 million homes, while in Sweden, the cooperative model is being adapted to meet the needs of senior citizens. In total, approximately 20,000 local members are involved in cooperative housing across 12 European countries, managing around 68 million homes. 🔑 Challenges and Solutions Participants discussed the challenges that housing cooperatives face, including access to funding and the need for supportive legal frameworks. A common theme was the difficulty in securing financing for cooperative housing projects, especially for newcomers without established networks. The discussion also emphasized the necessity of energy efficiency in housing development, with various cooperatives implementing energy retrofitting initiatives to address sustainability. 🤝 Collaborative Efforts and Future Directions The event also served as a networking opportunity for established cooperatives and new initiatives to share best practices, fostering collaboration across borders. Key takeaways included the need for comprehensive support from local and EU-level policies to enhance the cooperative housing sector's capabilities. As Europe moves toward more sustainable housing solutions, the cooperative model is positioned to play a vital role in meeting the needs of diverse communities while promoting social cohesion and environmental sustainability. | |
Alice Pittini, Dara Turnbull, Diana Yordanova & others | Housing Europe | Study / Report / Handbook | 2022 | Context and Authors: The report titled "Cost-based Social Rental Housing In Europe" was prepared by Housing Europe, the European Federation of Public, Cooperative and Social Housing, in collaboration with the Housing Agency of Ireland. Authored by Alice Pittini, Dara Turnbull, and Diana Yordanova, with contributions from experts in Austria, Denmark, and Finland, the report was published in 2022. 🏠 Key Findings: The report reveals that cost-based social rental housing systems are prevalent in several European countries, with Austria, Denmark, and Finland exemplifying large-scale implementations. In these systems, rents are determined based on the actual costs of providing and maintaining housing rather than market rates, ensuring long-term affordability. 🇦🇹 Austria: In Austria, social housing constitutes 24% of the total housing stock, provided mainly by Limited-Profit Housing Associations (LPHAs) and municipalities. Rents are set based on costs specific to individual buildings or estates. Once loans are repaid, a fixed "basic rent" (Grundmiete) is charged, with funding sourced from a combination of public loans, bank loans, provider equity, and tenant contributions, ensuring perpetual affordability. 🇩🇰 Denmark: Denmark has 20% of its housing stock in non-profit housing, managed by over 500 housing associations. Similar to Austria, rents are determined by costs at the building level, and after loan repayment, rents remain stable, with surplus revenues reinvested. The funding primarily comes from mortgage loans with state guarantees and municipal loans, bolstered by strong tenant democracy in governance. 🇫🇮 Finland: In Finland, social housing represents 11-20% of the stock, depending on the definition used, and is mainly provided by municipal housing companies. Rents can be equalized across the provider's entire stock, and after a 40-year restriction period, homes can exit the social sector, although they often remain affordable. Funding is derived from private loans with state guarantees and some public grants, allowing for flexibility in rent-setting. 🔑 Common Strengths and Challenges: All three countries share strengths like long-term financial sustainability, guaranteed affordability, and housing provisions for a diverse social mix, with rents significantly below market rates. However, they also face challenges, including high land and construction costs in urban areas, maintaining quality standards while ensuring affordability, and adapting to evolving demographics and housing needs. 📈 Conclusion: The report concludes that while the fundamental principles of cost-based social rental housing are similar across these nations, each has tailored the model to fit its specific context. The findings underline the significance of long-term planning, stable funding mechanisms, and the reinvestment of surpluses to decrease reliance on ongoing public funding, offering valuable insights for other countries aiming to enhance affordable housing options. | |
Christoph Müller-Thiede, Dominik Philipp & others | IG Lebenszyklus | Study / Report / Handbook | 2021 | Das Dokument mit dem Titel Leitfaden-Raum-Infrastruktur wurde im Oktober 2021 von IG Lebenszyklus Bau veröffentlicht. Es konzentriert sich auf die Zukunft des urbanen Lebens und die Entwicklung von Infrastrukturen, wobei es die Herausforderungen und Chancen im Zusammenhang mit dem Klimawandel und der Nachhaltigkeit im städtischen Planungs- und Bauwesen adressiert. 🌍 Kontext und Autoren Der Leitfaden wurde von einer Arbeitsgruppe unter der Leitung von DI Christoph Müller-Thiede von M.O.O.CON und Arch. DDI (FH) Dominik Philipp von Dietrich | Untertrifaller Architekten erstellt. Er richtet sich an öffentliche Behörden, Stadtplaner und Fachleute in der Immobilien- und Bauwirtschaft und zielt darauf ab, Leitlinien für eine nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung als Reaktion auf den Klimawandel zu bieten. 📉 Wichtige Erkenntnisse Das Dokument betont die Dringlichkeit von Maßnahmen gegen den Klimawandel und zitiert die Erkenntnisse des IPCC, wonach menschliche Aktivitäten die Hauptursache für die globale Erwärmung sind. Trotz internationaler Vereinbarungen wie dem Pariser Abkommen sind die Bemühungen in Österreich unzureichend, da die Treibhausgasemissionen seit 1990 leicht gestiegen sind. 🏗️ Infrastrukturentwicklung Der Leitfaden hebt die Rolle der räumlichen und infrastrukturellen Entwicklung zur Reduzierung von Emissionen hervor und plädiert für einen systemischen Ansatz anstelle isolierter Optimierungen. Die städtische Planung sollte die Vernetzung von Gebäuden, Verkehr und menschlichem Verhalten berücksichtigen. 🔑 Handlungsfelder Der Leitfaden identifiziert wichtige Handlungsfelder: - Quartier-Ebene: Fokus auf gemischte Nutzung von Stadtteilen zur Reduzierung von Reiseentfernungen und Förderung nachhaltiger Mobilität. - Gebäude-Ebene: Förderung flexibler Gebäudedesigns, die eine adaptive Wiederverwendung und Energieeffizienz ermöglichen. - Organisations-Ebene: Förderung digitaler Arbeitsumgebungen zur Reduzierung von Pendelzeiten und Büroflächenbedarf. 📝 Empfehlungen Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, empfiehlt der Leitfaden: - Entwicklung multifunktionaler Stadtviertel mit integrierter lokaler Infrastruktur. - Implementierung nachhaltiger Mobilitätskonzepte, insbesondere in ländlichen Gebieten. - Durchführung detaillierter Bewertungen leerstehender Industrie- und Büroflächen zur Optimierung vorhandener Ressourcen. - Förderung flexibler Gebäude und Wiederverwendung von Materialien zur Minimierung der Umweltauswirkungen. 🏢 Zukunft der Arbeitsplätze Das Dokument spricht sich für dezentrale Arbeitsplätze und digitale Zusammenarbeitstools aus, um den Bedarf an physischen Büroflächen und Pendelzeiten zu reduzieren. 🌱 Fazit Der Leitfaden hebt die Bedeutung ganzheitlicher Planungsansätze hervor, die Umweltüberlegungen in alle Aspekte der Stadtentwicklung integrieren. Dadurch sollen die CO2-Emissionen erheblich gesenkt und nachhaltige Lebensumgebungen bis 2035 gefördert werden. | |
Germanwatch | Germanwatch | Study / Report / Handbook | 2021 | 🌍 Kontext und Hintergrund Der Do-It-Guide „Dein Handabdruck für die Ressourcenwende“ wurde von Germanwatch, einer unabhängigen, gemeinnützigen Organisation mit Sitz in Deutschland, erstellt. Germanwatch setzt sich für nachhaltige Entwicklung und globale Gerechtigkeit ein und bietet konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen für Einzelpersonen, Gemeinschaften und Organisationen. Der Guide zielt darauf ab, das individuelle Engagement für einen nachhaltigeren Umgang mit Ressourcen zu fördern und konkret zu unterstützen. 🛠️ Praktische Ideen für nachhaltiges Handeln In diesem Leitfaden finden sich zahlreiche kreative und wirkungsvolle Ansätze zur Vergrößerung des eigenen Handabdrucks in verschiedenen Bereichen des Lebens. Die Themen umfassen Bauen und Wohnen, Teilen und Leihen, Investieren, Reparieren, Einkaufen, Verpflichten sowie umweltfreundliche Fortbewegungsmöglichkeiten wie Fahren, Laufen und Radeln. Die vorgestellten Optionen sind so gestaltet, dass sie den Leser ermutigen, aktiv zu werden und positive Veränderungen herbeizuführen. 📊 Problemdarstellung und Hand Print-Perspektive Der Guide beginnt mit einer kurzen Problemdarstellung, die den aktuellen Stand der Dinge mit relevanten Zahlen und Fakten beschreibt. Diese Darstellung bildet die Grundlage für das Verständnis der Notwendigkeit struktureller Veränderungen im Umgang mit Ressourcen. Die Hand Print-Perspektive wird eingeführt, um zu verdeutlichen, wie individuelles Handeln zur Lösung globaler Herausforderungen beitragen kann. 💡 Engagement und Strukturveränderung Der Do-It-Guide bietet eine Vielzahl von Engagement-Ideen und beschreibt strukturelle Veränderungshebel, die für einen nachhaltigeren Umgang mit Ressourcen entscheidend sind. Es werden Beispiele genannt, die Mut machen und inspirieren, sowie Tipps zum Weiterlesen und methodische Ansätze, um in Gruppen Ansatzpunkte zu finden. Checklisten zur Projektplanung und Hinweise zum Finden von Verbündeten unterstützen die Leser dabei, ihre Ideen in die Tat umzusetzen. 🧠 Umgang mit Ressourcen Zusätzlich enthält der Leitfaden strategische Tipps für das Engagement und Informationen über den Umgang mit eigenen (psychischen) Ressourcen. Dies soll den Leser dabei unterstützen, nicht nur aktiv zu werden, sondern auch nachhaltig und gesund zu handeln, um langfristige Veränderungen zu bewirken. Insgesamt zielt dieser Do-It-Guide darauf ab, das individuelle und kollektive Potenzial zu mobilisieren, um die Ressourcenwende voranzutreiben und einen positiven Einfluss auf die Umwelt zu nehmen. | |
European Commission | European Commission | Study / Report / Handbook | 2021 | The document titled "Developments and Forecasts on Continuing Urbanisation" is published by the European Commission and was created on March 24, 2021. It presents a detailed analysis of the global trend of urbanisation and its implications for sustainable housing, among other factors. 🌍 Urban Population Growth Urbanisation is occurring at a rapid pace worldwide, with a significant shift in population distribution. According to recent definitions, the global urban population was estimated at 76.5% in 2015, equating to about 5.6 billion people, up from 54% reported by the UN. By 2050, it is projected that 68% of the world’s population will live in urban areas, with the number of urban centres nearly doubling from over 6,900 in 1975 to more than 13,100 in 2015. Africa is expected to experience the fastest urban growth, while many cities in Europe and North America have seen a decline in urban population. 🏡 Housing Challenges As cities expand, so do challenges related to housing. In Europe, sharp increases in housing prices threaten affordability, with around 82 million citizens spending more than 40% of their disposable income on housing. Cities like Amsterdam have seen property prices rise by 45% between 2016 and 2018, with projections indicating a decline in affordable housing from 61% in 2015 to 43% in 2025. The rise of foreign investments in residential urban property and short-term rental platforms has further complicated housing availability and affordability. 🚦 Mobility and Service Provision Urban congestion is on the rise, leading to significant economic costs, estimated at 2% of GDP in Europe. The future of urban mobility is expected to change dramatically with the emergence of Mobility as a Service (MaaS), which integrates various transport modes. Cities with larger populations tend to provide regional services more efficiently, creating an economic viability that smaller settlements struggle to achieve. 🌱 Environmental Considerations Urban areas are responsible for approximately 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions and face significant environmental challenges. About 91% of the urban population worldwide is exposed to air pollution exceeding WHO guidelines. Cities must innovate in waste management, as over 720 billion tons are generated annually, with a vast majority ending up in landfills, contributing to public health risks and environmental degradation. In conclusion, the ongoing trend of urbanisation presents both opportunities and challenges for sustainable housing and urban living, necessitating innovative solutions to address affordability, mobility, and environmental impact. | |
BBSR (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung) | BBSR (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung) | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperPolicy Brief | 2023 | 🌍 Kontext und Zielsetzung Die Veröffentlichung „Die Stadt von übermorgen“ wurde vom BBSR (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung) herausgegeben und am 1. Februar 2023 veröffentlicht. Das BBSR ist eine zentrale Forschungseinrichtung in Deutschland, die sich mit Fragen der Stadtentwicklung und Raumforschung beschäftigt. Die Forschungsprojekte zielen darauf ab, langfristige Entwicklungen in der Stadtentwicklung zu betrachten und den Akteuren Orientierung sowie Gestaltungsspielräume zu bieten. 🏙️ Langfristige Stadtentwicklung Die Stadtentwicklungspolitik muss sowohl aktuelle Herausforderungen als auch zukünftige Entwicklungen berücksichtigen. Das Ziel der Forschungsprojekte ist es, frühzeitig Weichen in die gewünschte Richtung zu stellen, um ein nachhaltiges städtisches Leben zu fördern. Dazu wird ein Dialog zwischen verschiedenen Akteuren der Stadtentwicklung angeregt, um gemeinsam zu diskutieren, wie zukünftige Lebensräume gestaltet werden sollen. 📊 Systematische Trendsammlung Erstmals wurde eine systematische und ganzheitliche Sammlung von Trends im deutschsprachigen Raum erstellt, die sich mit den Auswirkungen auf urbane Räume befasst. Diese Sammlung bildet die Grundlage für eine urbanistische Zukunftsforschung. Die Erkenntnisse werden in der Publikation „Stadt von übermorgen“ detailliert dargestellt und bieten einen umfassenden Überblick über die Herausforderungen und Chancen in der Stadtentwicklung. 🛠️ Methodenkoffer für Akteure Für die Auseinandersetzung mit den identifizierten Themen wurde ein Methodenkoffer entwickelt. Dieser bietet den Akteuren konkrete Arbeitsmaterialien, um zukunftsrelevante Fragen zu stellen und langfristige Entwicklungen zu berücksichtigen. Der Methodenkoffer unterstützt die Akteure dabei, politische Prioritäten zu sondieren und passende Maßnahmen zu entwickeln. 🤝 Anwendung und Diskussion Im Rahmen der Forschung wurde das gesammelte Trendwissen in verschiedenen lokalen Kontexten angewendet und mit den Akteuren der Stadtentwicklung diskutiert. Diese Diskussionen sind entscheidend, um die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sowohl methodischer als auch inhaltlicher Art in die Praxis umzusetzen und zukunftsfähige Lösungen für die Städte von morgen zu entwickeln. | |
Christoph Niemann | NYTimes | Article | 2021 | The article "Dispatch from Europe," published by the New York Times Magazine, features visual essays by artist Christoph Niemann that examine the current state of the European Union. Created on April 4, 2021, this piece reflects the ongoing discussions and challenges facing Europe, particularly in the context of Brexit and its implications for unity among member states. 🌍 Chapter 1: London - “The Break Up” In the first chapter titled “The Break Up,” Niemann responds to inquiries from his editors at the New York Times Magazine about the turbulent political landscape in Europe. He explores the complexities of Brexit, delving into themes such as the historical context of De Gaulle, Holbein, and Henry VIII, as well as the impact of local politics. This chapter sets the stage for a deeper understanding of how these elements intertwine to affect the broader European community, particularly in terms of stability and cooperation. 🚌 Chapter 2: Tallinn - “In Praise of a Normal, Boring Country” The second chapter, “In Praise of a Normal, Boring Country,” follows Niemann as he embarks on a 27-hour bus journey from Berlin to Tallinn. This chapter serves as a narrative exploration of Estonia, highlighting its unique position within the European Union and the narrative of normalcy amidst broader regional upheaval. Niemann's trip to the Baltic states provides insights into the local dynamics and culture, offering readers a contrasting perspective on what constitutes a “normal” country within the context of Europe’s complex political landscape. The full animated stories linked in each chapter provide a rich, visual storytelling experience that complements the text, inviting readers to engage with the subject matter in a more dynamic way. The articles emphasize not only the immediate concerns surrounding Brexit but also the larger implications for the future of the European Union and sustainable housing initiatives within member states. By addressing both historical and contemporary issues, Niemann's work encapsulates a moment of reflection for Europe, urging audiences to consider the interconnectedness of politics, culture, and social responsibility. | |
Ashifa Kassam | The Guardian | Article | 2024 | 📰 Context and Source This article, published by The Guardian on May 9, 2024, explores the pervasive issue of racial discrimination within Europe’s rental housing market. Authored by Ashifa Kassam, a European community affairs correspondent, the piece sheds light on how people of color face significant barriers in securing housing amidst a growing crisis exacerbated by the rise of far-right political sentiments across the continent. 🏠 Discrimination in Housing Access The report highlights that racialized minorities in Europe are disproportionately affected by the housing crisis, which has been intensified by economic inequalities. A 2017 EU-wide survey indicated that nearly 25% of respondents from immigrant or ethnic minority backgrounds experienced discrimination when seeking housing. This discrimination manifests in various forms, from being denied viewings to outright rejection upon revealing one’s background. For instance, a fictional profile with a North African-sounding name received 27% fewer responses to housing inquiries in France. 📉 Impact of Economic Inequalities As housing prices continue to rise, racialized minorities often find themselves unable to afford decent living conditions. The article emphasizes that discrimination in housing not only restricts access but also intersects with income inequalities, making it increasingly difficult for these communities to secure stable housing. The result is a dual crisis that exacerbates both the housing shortage and the socio-economic challenges faced by marginalized groups. 🚨 Political Climate and Far-Right Sentiments The piece also discusses how far-right political parties in various European countries have sought to scapegoat migrants for the housing crisis. Campaigners argue that this narrative distracts from the real issues of discrimination and economic inequality, further entrenching the marginalization of racialized communities. For instance, in the Netherlands, the rise of the far-right PVV party reflects a growing trend of anti-immigrant sentiment that complicates the already challenging housing situation. 🌍 Consequences and Challenges The article concludes by outlining the long-term implications of this discrimination, including difficulties in family reunification for migrants and the limited options available for those seeking to challenge discriminatory practices. Legal battles can be lengthy and costly, often detracting from the immediate need for housing. The experiences of individuals like Hamado Dipama illustrate the ongoing struggle against discriminatory practices in the housing market and the urgent need for systemic change. | |
Sarah Ciaglia, Clemens Fuest, Friedrich Heinemann | EconPOL | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy BriefResearch Paper | 2021 | 🌍 Context and Publisher Overview The document titled "What a feeling?! How to promote ‘European Identity’" was published by EconPOL, a research initiative focused on economic policy analysis in Europe. Created by authors Sarah Ciaglia, Clemens Fuest, and Friedrich Heinemann on February 25, 2021, this report addresses the declining public support for the European project and explores the concept of European identity as a key component for fostering integration among member states. 📉 Challenges to European Unity In recent years, the European Union has faced significant challenges, including the United Kingdom's decision to exit the EU. This situation has highlighted a decline in public support across various member states. The report asserts that developing a sense of European identity is crucial for overcoming these challenges and enhancing cooperation among nations. Identity is recognized in economic literature as a significant driver of individual behavior, suggesting that a shared European identity could facilitate trust and collaboration. 🔍 Understanding European Identity The study differentiates 'European identity' from other concepts such as EU support, emphasizing its importance as a foundation for the European project. It provides an empirical analysis of current trends and summarizes existing literature on the determinants of European identity. The authors classify these determinants into two categories: 'civic' and 'cultural' identities, while also distinguishing between 'input' and 'output legitimacy' functions of potential measures to promote European identity. 💡 Proposals for Promoting European Identity The report outlines several innovative proposals aimed at fostering a sense of European identity among citizens. These include: 1. Transnational Party Lists: Encouraging collaboration across member states in elections to enhance political unity. 2. EU Citizens’ Assembly: Establishing a platform for citizens to discuss and contribute to EU policy-making. 3. EU Consular Offices: Enhancing the presence of EU institutions to promote European values and identity. 4. Pensioners’ Erasmus Program: Expanding the Erasmus initiative to include pensioners, fostering cultural exchange and identity. 5. ‘European Waltz’ Program: A cultural initiative to promote shared European traditions and values through dance and music. 6. EU Public Service Broadcaster: Creating a media outlet that focuses on European identity and values, fostering a sense of belonging among citizens. In conclusion, this report addresses the urgent need to promote European identity as a mechanism to strengthen the EU's cohesion and resilience during challenging times. | |
Nadia Calviño, Ioannis Tsakiris & others | European Investment Bank | Article | 2024 | 🏛️ Context and Purpose The European Investment Bank (EIB) Group recently convened over 300 public and private stakeholders to address the pressing challenge of affordable and sustainable housing across Europe. This event aligns with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s announcement regarding the establishment of a pan-European investment platform to enhance financial support for housing solutions. 🏠 Investment Gap in Housing Europe's housing sector faces a significant investment gap, particularly in innovation, renovation, and construction. It is notable that half of Europe’s residential buildings were constructed before 1980, leading to urgent needs for energy-efficient upgrades. Currently, only 5% of the building stock has been renovated to modern standards. The EIB Group’s Investment Survey highlights that over 70% of construction firms are not investing in innovation, with 85% citing a lack of skilled labor as a primary barrier to progress. 💡 Importance of Innovation To enhance productivity in the construction sector, investments in research and development, new materials, and building technologies are essential. These innovations aim to streamline construction processes, improve energy performance, and reduce the environmental footprint of the housing sector. Meeting international climate goals and lowering energy costs for families are also critical objectives, with an estimated annual investment need of €275 billion for retrofitting existing housing. 🤝 Strategic Collaboration The EIB Group emphasizes the importance of collaboration with public authorities and financial partners to provide affordable and sustainable housing solutions. This strategic approach is outlined in its Strategic Roadmap, which has received the backing of EU Finance Ministers. The event marked the beginning of a series of discussions aimed at fostering a collaborative, pan-European methodology focusing on sustainability and innovation in housing. 📊 EIB Group's Commitment For the past 25 years, the EIB Group has been a key player in financing and advising the housing sector, contributing €13.4 billion to sustainable urban development and renovation in the last five years. The EIB Group aims to bolster investment in affordable housing while ensuring alignment with the Paris Climate Accord, committing to support €1 trillion in climate and environmental sustainability investments by 2030. 🌍 Conclusion By bringing together various stakeholders, the EIB Group is poised to play a pivotal role in addressing Europe’s housing challenges, fostering innovation, and ensuring that housing remains affordable and sustainable for all European families. | |
EIB | European Investment Bank | Study / Report / Handbook | 2025 | 🏢 Context and Purpose The EIB Investment Report 2024/2025, published by the European Investment Bank (EIB), offers a comprehensive analysis of investment trends and needs in Europe, particularly emphasizing the importance of innovation, integration, and simplification in driving economic growth. The report highlights the significant challenges and opportunities facing the European economy, with a special focus on sustainable housing amid the green transition. 🏡 Investment Needs in Housing The report identifies a pressing need for substantial investment in social and affordable housing, crucial for addressing labour mobility issues and skill shortages. An estimated 2.25 million additional housing units are required in the European Union by 2025, which is 50% more than current building permit data indicates. This shortfall equates to a gap of approximately 925,000 units, underscoring the urgent need for improved housing infrastructure. 💰 Government Investment Trends Government investment in the EU has surged, particularly post-COVID, with a record growth rate of 15% in 2023. This increase is attributed to the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) and other substantial public spending measures aimed at enhancing infrastructure, including housing. Public investment reached 3.5% of GDP, nearly one percentage point above the lowest levels recorded in 2017, showcasing a significant recovery and commitment to infrastructure improvement. 🌍 Sustainable Development Goals The report emphasizes that achieving climate neutrality by 2050 will require an additional annual investment of €506 billion through 2030, specifically targeting clean energy and energy efficiency in residential and industrial sectors. This is critical to support the EU's ambitious climate goals and to transition towards a sustainable economy. 📈 Economic Impact and Future Directions Investment in housing and infrastructure not only stimulates economic growth but also addresses the social needs of a changing population. With an ageing demographic and increasing housing demands, the report highlights the importance of coordinated public policies and investments to ensure that all EU citizens benefit from improved living conditions and sustainable development. 📊 Conclusion The EIB Investment Report underscores the necessity for a concerted effort across EU member states to enhance investment in sustainable housing, particularly in light of ongoing economic challenges and the imperative of climate change. The findings advocate for a comprehensive approach to funding strategies, emphasizing the role of government investment in achieving long-term sustainability and economic resilience. | |
PwC & Urban Land Institute | PWC | Study / Report / Handbook | 2023 | 📰 Context and Overview The report titled "Emerging Trends in Real Estate 2023" is a joint publication by PwC and the Urban Land Institute (ULI), now in its 20th edition. It offers a comprehensive outlook on the real estate landscape across Europe, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing war in Ukraine. The report synthesizes insights from 1,038 property professionals, including investors, fund managers, developers, lenders, brokers, and consultants, gathered through surveys and interviews. 🌍 Economic Recovery and Challenges As European economies begin to recover from the pandemic, they face new challenges stemming from the conflict in Ukraine. The war has exacerbated existing issues, particularly inflation driven by escalating energy costs. These economic factors are significantly influencing the real estate market's outlook for 2023, impacting investment strategies and development projects. 📊 Key Insights and Historical Context This year’s report not only forecasts future trends but also reflects on key historical trends and evolutions within the European real estate sector over the past two decades. It highlights significant changes in city and sector rankings, providing valuable context for stakeholders interested in sustainable housing and urban development. 🏗️ Focus on Sustainability The publication emphasizes the increasing importance of sustainability in real estate. With a growing awareness of environmental issues, property developers and investors are urged to focus on sustainable practices that align with broader societal goals. This shift is crucial as cities and communities strive for resilience in the face of economic and environmental challenges. 🔍 Conclusion "Emerging Trends in Real Estate 2023" serves as an essential resource for industry professionals aiming to navigate the complexities of the real estate market in Europe. By combining expert insights with historical analysis, the report equips stakeholders with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions in an evolving landscape. | |
Simon Wieland, Leon Kesselhut, Arnt von Bodelschwingh & others | Regio Kontext | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | The study "Mitarbeiterwohnen: Bezahlbares Wohnen wird zum Standortfaktor," published in 2024 by authors Simon Wieland, Leon Kesselhut, and Arnt von Bodelschwingh, explores the increasing significance of affordable employee housing in business location decisions across Germany. This research underlines the dual challenges of workforce shortages and insufficient affordable housing, which pose risks to the country’s economic stability. Offering affordable housing is now viewed as a strategic advantage that can help companies attract and retain talent. The study presents various successful employee housing initiatives across Germany, featuring case studies from notable organizations such as Deutsche Bahn, Kempinski Hotel Berchtesgaden, and Klinikum Stuttgart. These examples illustrate innovative solutions, including modular construction, sustainable energy utilization, and collaborative efforts with local governments and housing companies to address housing shortages. Collaboration is a recurring theme, with many successful projects resulting from public-private partnerships. These collaborations leverage the expertise of housing companies, which implement industrial prefabrication techniques to enhance quality and reduce costs. Modern employee housing projects are designed to be flexible, accommodating diverse workforce groups such as young professionals, international recruits, and families. Sustainability is also a key focus, with many projects incorporating renewable energy sources and energy-efficient designs. The study advocates for regulatory support to facilitate employee housing development, suggesting the easing of planning and construction regulations. Financial incentives from federal and state governments are also recommended to encourage the establishment of affordable housing for employees. However, regulatory hurdles such as zoning laws and building codes can impede the development of housing on company-owned land. The study discusses innovative strategies to navigate these challenges, such as utilizing underused urban spaces and modular construction techniques. Providing affordable housing is crucial for economic stability, ensuring a consistent workforce and fostering community integration. The study highlights the long-term planning and investment needed to address ongoing workforce and housing challenges, urging companies and governments to take proactive measures to secure affordable housing for employees in the future. In conclusion, the research emphasizes the essential role of affordable employee housing in enhancing business competitiveness and economic stability, aiming to inspire greater investment in sustainable housing solutions across Europe. | |
OECD | OECD | Study / Report / Handbook | 2019 | 🌍 Context and Overview The report "Enhancing Innovation Capacity in City Government" was published by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) in 2019, in collaboration with Bloomberg Philanthropies. It aims to explore how cities worldwide are innovating within their local public administrations to enhance residents' well-being. The study surveyed 89 cities of various sizes, from populations under 50,000 to over 9 million, to understand their approaches to fostering innovation. 💡 Key Findings The report emphasizes the need for cities to develop their capacity for innovation, particularly in light of pressing urban challenges such as poverty reduction, public health, and education access. Cities are establishing innovation teams, setting formal innovation goals, and forming partnerships with academia and the private sector to improve data analysis and decision-making processes. Notably, over 80% of cities reported having specific funding to support innovation capacity, with most funding directed towards innovative projects. 📊 Data Management and Use A significant 85% of surveyed cities acknowledged that data plays a vital role in their innovation efforts and decision-making processes. However, the availability of data remains uneven across different policy areas. Cities typically collect more data on transport (64%), policing (57%), and land use (51%) than on social welfare (32%) and culture (20%). The report highlights that effective data management can enhance the ability to develop evidence-based policies and improve service delivery. 🤝 Partnerships for Innovation The report identifies that successful innovation in city administrations often relies on collaboration with external stakeholders. Approximately 75% of cities with strong data use have built partnerships with academic institutions to enhance their data management capabilities. Partnerships with the private sector and non-profit organizations are also critical in overcoming knowledge gaps and enabling cities to implement innovative solutions. 🗒️ Recommendations for Future Actions To enhance innovation capacity, the report suggests that cities should formulate clear innovation strategies, install dedicated innovation units, and foster a culture that encourages reasonable risk-taking. Additionally, cities should ensure the free flow of data across public sectors and engage diverse stakeholders, including residents, in the innovation process. These steps will help cities address complex urban challenges effectively and sustainably. | |
Ursula Hartenberger & others | Climate Positive Europe Alliance (CPEA) | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy BriefResearch Paper | 2023 | The report titled "Market Insights: ESG Adoption and Implementation in EU Construction and Real Estate" was published by the Climate Positive Europe Alliance (CPEA) in 2023. Developed by the CPEA EU ESG Working Group, the report brings together insights from over 40 organizations across various sectors, including finance, real estate development, asset management, and civil society in ten European countries. The lead author, Ursula Hartenberger, serves as the Secretary General of CPEA. 🛠️ Context and Objectives The report is set against a backdrop of increasing engagement with Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) issues within Europe's construction and real estate sectors. The CPEA convened the ESG Working Group in May 2021 to facilitate knowledge exchange and build capacity around ESG concerns specific to these industries. The primary objective of the report is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of ESG strategy development, implementation, and disclosure among European players in the construction and real estate markets. 📊 Key Findings 1. ESG Drivers and Challenges: The report identifies significant drivers for ESG adoption, including regulatory requirements like the EU Taxonomy and Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR), growing investor demand, and market competitiveness. However, it also highlights challenges such as a lack of sector-specific ESG definitions, issues related to data availability, and capacity constraints within organizations. 2. Integrated Approach to ESG: An integrated approach is advocated, focusing on the interdependencies between environmental, social, and governance factors. The report emphasizes the necessity for holistic strategies that incorporate these dimensions rather than treating them in isolation. 3. ESG Reporting and Disclosure: Various reporting frameworks are discussed, including both regulatory tools like the EU Taxonomy and non-regulatory frameworks such as GRESB and UN PRI. The importance of transparency and accountability in ESG reporting is underscored to mitigate perceptions of "ESG washing." 4. Practical Recommendations: The report offers actionable recommendations for addressing challenges related to ESG implementation. These include developing clear sectoral guidelines, enhancing data management practices, fostering cross-sector collaboration, and improving training programs. 5. Case Studies: It features case studies from organizations such as 011h Sustainable Construction in Spain and Patrizia AG in Germany, demonstrating how different entities are operationalizing ESG strategies. 🌍 Conclusion The report highlights the increasing significance of ESG frameworks in promoting sustainable practices within the construction and real estate sectors in Europe. It calls for ongoing efforts from both policymakers and industry stakeholders to tackle existing challenges and seize opportunities for sustainable development. | |
The Green European Foundation (GEF) | The Green European Foundation (GEF) | MOOC | 2021 | 🌍 Context and Overview "EU for Beginners" is a course designed to introduce participants to the European Union (EU) and the various challenges it faces, particularly in the context of sustainability and activism. This course is published by The Green European Foundation (GEF), an organization focused on promoting green ideas and sustainable practices across Europe. The course was created on March 24, 2021, and is accessible online through the provided URL. 📚 Course Content The course aims to equip learners with a fundamental understanding of the EU, exploring its structure, policies, and the pressing challenges it currently encounters, such as climate change, sustainable development, and green initiatives. Participants will engage with a variety of educational materials, including videos, interactive activities, and a case study that highlights successful green activism in Europe. The course also provides access to resources that enable learners to debate, connect, and network with like-minded individuals who are keen to make a positive impact in their communities. 👥 Target Audience This course is specifically tailored for young Europeans and the general public, making it accessible to anyone interested in understanding the EU's role in promoting sustainability and green activism. By targeting a diverse audience, the course fosters a sense of community and collaboration among individuals who share a common goal of advocating for sustainable practices in housing and other sectors. 🔗 Course Features Through its interactive format, "EU for Beginners" encourages active participation and equips learners with the knowledge and skills necessary to engage meaningfully in discussions about the EU and its environmental policies. The incorporation of case studies allows participants to learn from real-world examples of activism, fostering an understanding of how individuals can contribute to sustainability efforts at local, national, and European levels. Overall, "EU for Beginners" serves as a crucial starting point for anyone looking to engage with European activism, particularly in the context of sustainable housing and environmental stewardship, reflecting the growing importance of these issues in contemporary society. | |
Roland Jackson | EU News | Article | 2024 | 🏠 Context and Purpose The article discusses the EU's commitment to addressing the housing crisis, as articulated by Margaritis Schinas, the outgoing Vice President of the European Commission. The piece was published by EU News, a platform that provides updates and insights on European Union matters. Schinas emphasized the urgent need for a sustainable, decent, and affordable housing plan, which will be a priority for the next European Commission. 📈 Rising Housing Costs The housing situation in the EU has become increasingly dire, with Eurostat reporting a 52% rise in house prices and a 25% increase in rents from 2010 to the present. The European Federation of National Organizations Working with the Homeless (FEANTSA) estimated that at least 700,000 homeless individuals were living on the streets or in temporary housing across the EU in 2020, reflecting a 70% increase compared to a decade earlier. Meanwhile, the OECD estimated around 900,000 homeless people in 21 member states. 👥 Structural Changes and New Leadership To tackle the housing crisis, the EU has appointed Danish Social Democrat Dan Jørgensen to oversee Energy and Housing. This is a significant move, as it allows for focused efforts on addressing the structural causes of the crisis. The establishment of a new special committee on housing within the EU Parliament underscores the importance of this issue. 💰 Investment and Policy Adjustments The Socialist Group in the European Parliament has called for substantial investments to protect lower-income households from soaring housing costs. They propose adjustments to EU state aid rules to facilitate investment in affordable housing, ensuring that public authorities manage social rental housing rather than investment funds. Schinas indicated that more than 10% of European households spend over 40% of their income on housing, a number likely to grow without intervention. 🌍 Future Strategies The European Commission aims to leverage the European Investment Bank (EIB) to implement a pan-European investment platform for affordable housing. Additionally, member states may be allowed to double their investments under Cohesion Policies for affordable housing initiatives. Revising state aid rules will also be critical to activating supportive measures for housing, aligning with the goals of the Green Deal and addressing energy poverty. 🚧 Challenges Ahead Despite these plans, skepticism remains among some politicians regarding the feasibility of sustainable housing policies. Concerns persist about funding and whether states can effectively enhance their housing stock without adequate financial support from the EU. | |
Dr. Anna Braune, Seema Issar, Raphael Montigel & others | CPEA | Article | 2021 | The study titled "EU Taxonomy: Evaluating the Market-Readiness of the EU Taxonomy Criteria for Buildings" was published in 2021 through a collaborative effort among various Green Building Councils from Germany (DGNB), Spain (GBCe), Denmark (DK-GBC), and Austria (ÖGNI). The research involved 23 financial and real estate organizations and applied the EU Taxonomy criteria to 62 real building case studies across Europe. The authors of this comprehensive study include notable figures such as Dr. Anna Braune, Seema Issar, Raphael Montigel, and several others who are experts in their respective fields. 🌍 Context of the EU Taxonomy The EU Taxonomy serves as a classification system designed to guide sustainable investments by defining criteria for economic activities that substantially contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. This study specifically investigates the market-readiness of these criteria within the construction and real estate sectors, a critical area given the significant impact of buildings on sustainability. 📊 Key Findings The study's findings reveal that newly constructed buildings are more eligible for the Taxonomy criteria compared to renovations and ownership activities. Certified projects demonstrate a higher likelihood of meeting these eligibility requirements than non-certified ones. However, a major challenge identified is the availability and reliability of data needed to demonstrate compliance with the Taxonomy criteria, with larger data gaps observed for the Do No Significant Harm (DNSH) criteria compared to those related to climate change mitigation. 💡 Recommendations To address these challenges, the study offers several recommendations, including the development of centralized repositories for building data to improve accessibility and reliability. It suggests enhancing the quality and reliability of Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) across EU member states, encouraging strategic sustainability planning across building portfolios using certification systems like DGNB, and implementing Transitional Climate Action Roadmaps that align with the Paris Agreement targets for buildings under acquisition and ownership criteria. 🏅 Certification's Role The study emphasizes the role of certification systems such as DGNB in facilitating compliance with EU Taxonomy criteria by providing structured frameworks for sustainability assessment. Additionally, participants expressed concerns regarding the ambitious nature of the proposed changes in the draft Delegated Act by the European Commission, highlighting the need for a balanced approach to ensure market uptake. In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of integrating robust data management practices and certification processes to enhance compliance with sustainability criteria in financial transactions related to buildings. | |
Colm Bates, Christian Höynck, Omiros Kouvavas & others | European Central Bank | Article | 2025 | 📊 Context and Overview The analysis presented in this document is part of the ECB Economic Bulletin, published by the European Central Bank (ECB) on April 1, 2025. The authors—Colm Bates, Christian Höynck, Omiros Kouvavas, Desislava Rusinova, and Larissa Zimmermann—examine recent developments in the euro area rental market using data from the ECB Consumer Expectations Survey (CES). This survey aims to provide insights into household spending on rent, which constitutes a significant portion of household expenses. 🏠 Rental Market Insights The rental market in the euro area is characterized by considerable variability. On average, approximately 28% of households are renters, and rent constitutes about one-third of their monthly income. However, this share varies significantly among countries; for instance, Italy has a rental share of about 15%, while Germany and Austria approach 50%. Notably, lower-income households exhibit a higher proportion of renters. 💰 Rent Levels and Disparities The document highlights significant disparities in nominal rents across different countries and regions. Ireland reports the highest nominal rents, alongside Austria and Belgium, while rent dispersion is particularly pronounced in Ireland due to stark urban-rural differences. Conversely, countries like Greece and the Netherlands show lower levels of rent variance. When assessing rent relative to household income, Ireland again ranks highest, with Germany reporting the lowest ratio. 📈 Rent Growth Trends According to the CES-based rent expenditure growth indicator, rent growth peaked in the third quarter of 2023 but remained above 3% through most of 2024. The average year-on-year rent growth rate reached over 5% in 2023 and has since gradually declined. Notably, Ireland and Portugal experienced rent growth above 7%, while countries like Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy reported less than 3% growth. 🏙️ Urban vs. Rural Dynamics Recent trends indicate that rent growth is higher in urban areas compared to suburban and rural locations, with smaller dwellings also experiencing greater rent increases. The CES data shows that new rental contracts are driving a significant portion of rent growth, as landlords tend to raise rents for new tenants, reflecting changes in living conditions. 🔍 Future Monitoring and Analysis The CES rent tracker provides timely insights into the rental market, allowing for nuanced monitoring across different demographics. This tool will continue to evolve, aiming to validate indicators and explore quality adjustments related to rent growth, thereby contributing to a better understanding of sustainable housing trends in Europe. | |
Mathias De Clercq, André Sobczak & others | Eurocities | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy BriefResearch Paper | 2025 | 📄 Context and Overview The "Eurocities Pulse Mayors Survey 2025" is a comprehensive report published by Eurocities, a network of major European cities that aims to foster collaboration and advocate for urban interests at the European level. This third edition of the survey incorporates insights from nearly 100 mayors across 26 countries, providing a snapshot of their priorities, challenges, and needs, particularly in the realm of sustainable housing. 🏘️ Housing Affordability Crisis The survey highlights a deepening housing crisis in European cities, with 39% of mayors reporting that housing costs are unaffordable for residents. Only 14% of cities maintain that housing remains affordable, indicating a pressing need for interventions. Rising interest rates, rental shortages, and increased living costs exacerbate the situation, particularly in urban centers like Barcelona, Amsterdam, and Rome, where demand significantly exceeds supply. 📈 Key Drivers of Unaffordability Mayors identify several key factors contributing to the housing crisis, including demand outpacing supply, rising construction costs (71% of cities), limited land availability (60%), and speculative investment (29%). Bureaucratic hurdles, such as zoning laws and regulatory constraints, are also noted, though they are not seen as the primary drivers of the crisis. Short-term rentals further complicate the issue by reducing the availability of long-term housing. 💡 Housing Development Priorities In response to these challenges, mayors are prioritizing increasing the supply of affordable housing, with 93% placing it among their top three priorities. Expanding social housing is also critical, as 76% of mayors recognize its importance in stabilizing housing markets. The report emphasizes the urgent need for large-scale interventions to counteract the growing unaffordability that threatens social stability. 💰 Funding and Support Needs A significant demand from mayors is for stronger EU support in addressing the housing crisis. Specifically, 56% of mayors rank direct EU funding as a top priority, while others call for greater flexibility in national housing investments and improved access to affordable financing. The mayors advocate for a dedicated EU housing fund to support affordable and social housing projects, reflecting a consensus on the necessity of collaborative governance to tackle these pressing urban challenges. 🌍 Conclusion and Future Steps The Eurocities Pulse Mayors Survey 2025 underscores the critical role cities play in tackling housing issues and emphasizes the need for sustained support from EU institutions. As mayors outline their strategies to address these challenges, it is clear that a coordinated effort is essential for fostering sustainable housing solutions across Europe, ensuring that cities remain livable and inclusive for all residents. | |
& others | Investigate Europe | Article | 2023 | 🏛️ Context and Publisher This summary addresses the issue of inflated housing prices in Europe, driven by significant tax privileges afforded to real estate investments. The investigation was conducted by Investigate Europe, a collaborative journalism initiative focused on in-depth analysis of pressing issues affecting the continent. The article was published on February 7, 2023. 💰 Tax Benefits for Real Estate European governments provide substantial tax benefits to real estate investors and owners, creating a common policy across member states despite political differences. Investigate Europe’s team analyzed the taxation systems and loopholes for real estate investments in various countries, revealing that billions of euros are attracted to an already overheated real estate market. 🌍 Countries with Favorable Tax Regimes The investigation identified that countries including Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK have tax regimes that disproportionately favor real estate investments over other business types. Common privileges include complete exemptions on capital gains, tax-free guarantees for investment funds, and lower taxation on rental income compared to other profit types. These tax policies contribute to the under-taxation of both commercial and residential real estate. 📊 Findings on Tax Avoidance Economists, tax experts, and legal professionals interviewed by Investigate Europe reached a consensus that real estate is generally under-taxed or untaxed in many European nations. The investigation uncovered various tax avoidance schemes utilized by real estate investors. However, due to the lack of European regulation or oversight, establishing consistent patterns of tax avoidance remains challenging. 💸 Economic Impact of Tax Exemptions The research highlights significant misallocation of capital in member states such as Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Belgium, amounting to billions of euros that could otherwise support sustainable housing initiatives. The findings underline the urgent need for policy reevaluation in order to address the implications of these tax privileges on the housing market and promote a more equitable and sustainable approach to housing in Europe. | |
Laura Malsch and Niclas Rolander | Bloomberg | ArticleResearch PaperStudy / Report / Handbook | 2023 | 🏠 Context and Overview Published by Bloomberg on November 2, 2023, the article "Europe’s Great Housing Crisis Is Only Getting Started" by Laura Malsch and Niclas Rolander sheds light on the escalating housing crisis across Europe, driven primarily by a dramatic decline in new home construction. The article highlights the implications of rising costs, regulatory challenges, and the failure of governments to meet housing demands. 📉 Decline in Housing Construction Residential building has plummeted, with new building permits in Germany falling by over 27% in the first half of the year and permits in France down 28% through July. The UK is expected to experience a drop of more than 25% in home building, while Sweden faces its worst slump since the 1990s, with building rates less than one-third of what is necessary to meet demand. This situation is compounded by soaring costs, with mortgage rates tripling and construction expenses increasing by €85,000 ($90,000) for typical projects. 👨👩👧 Impact on Families The article recounts the story of Milena and Manuel David, a couple in Dusseldorf who had to abandon their dream of building a new home due to the heightened financial burden and bureaucratic delays. Their experience illustrates the broader struggles faced by families across Europe as they contend with an increasingly inaccessible housing market. 🏗️ Governmental Shortcomings Governments are falling short of promises to provide affordable housing. In Germany, the coalition led by Chancellor Olaf Scholz pledged to add 400,000 new homes annually, but estimates suggest this goal will not be reached until at least 2026. Sweden’s constitutional obligation to provide affordable housing has also been unmet, leading to increased home prices and reliance on black-market sublets. 🔍 Social Implications The housing squeeze exacerbates social divides, forcing citizens to spend a larger portion of their income on housing. Tensions towards migrants also escalate as competition for limited living spaces intensifies, posing a risk to social cohesion and stability. 🛠️ The Need for Policy Reform The article emphasizes that the ongoing housing crisis is largely a result of ineffective government policy, which has shifted towards a reliance on the private sector for housing solutions. Calls for incentives and industry support have arisen, yet governments exhibit limited willingness to increase spending in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and rising inflation. In summary, the article serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need for sustainable housing solutions across Europe, highlighting the interplay between economic pressures, regulatory frameworks, and social implications of the current housing crisis. | |
Speaking: Alina Bratu, Liia Sigura, Ian Novak & others. | eudebates on YouTube | VideoArticleStudy / Report / Handbook | 2025 | 📅 Context and Publication This document is a transcript of a public hearing on the housing crisis in Europe, focusing on the affordability and accessibility of housing for all citizens. It was published by a YouTube channel dedicated to promoting debates and discussions on European issues. The hearing features various experts, including architects, researchers, and policymakers, who provide insights into the challenges and potential solutions surrounding the housing crisis. 🏠 Current Housing Crisis in Europe Over the past decade, housing prices in the European Union have skyrocketed, with an average increase of 48%. In countries like Hungary, prices have surged by as much as 173%. This alarming trend is further compounded by rising rents, which have made it increasingly difficult for families to secure adequate housing. Data from 2023 indicates that 10.6% of urban households and 7% of rural households are spending over 40% of their disposable income on housing. 🔍 Key Challenges Identified The hearing highlights several critical challenges facing the housing sector in Europe. High construction costs, rising interest rates, and insufficient new construction have drastically reduced available housing. As a result, many families are forced into substandard living conditions, with some facing the threat of eviction or homelessness. The lack of affordable housing is particularly acute among low-income households, with reports indicating that 4% of the EU population experiences severe housing deprivation. 🌍 Recommendations for Sustainable Solutions Experts at the hearing emphasized the importance of a multifaceted approach to address the housing crisis. Key recommendations include increasing the supply of affordable housing through public investment and the implementation of innovative housing models, such as cooperative and social housing. Additionally, the European Union's cohesion policy should be leveraged to support local authorities in developing sustainable housing solutions tailored to regional needs. 📈 Future Initiatives and Funding The European Union is committed to addressing this crisis, with plans to double funding for housing initiatives. The launch of the Social Climate Fund aims to support vulnerable populations in accessing affordable housing and energy-efficient renovations. It is crucial to ensure that housing remains a fundamental right, with policies focusing on social inclusion and the protection of disadvantaged groups. 💡 Conclusion The public hearing underscores the urgent need for collaborative efforts to tackle the housing crisis in Europe. With a focus on sustainable and accessible housing, policymakers and stakeholders must work together to ensure that every citizen has a safe and decent place to call home. | |
Kata Moravecz | The European Data Journalism Network | Article | 2025 | 🏙️ Context and Overview The article, published by the European Data Journalism Network (EDJNet) on February 6, 2025, addresses the rising rents across major European cities and the resultant housing crisis. This crisis disproportionately impacts low-income earners and those in unstable employment, exacerbated by factors such as tourism, migration, low housing supply, and gentrification. The investigation highlights the urgent need for policy reforms to ensure affordable housing for all citizens. 📈 Rising Rents and Economic Impact Data shows that almost all major European cities are facing rent increases, significantly affecting low-income workers who often spend a large portion of their income on housing. The traditional guideline of spending no more than 30% of income on rent is increasingly becoming irrelevant. In cities like Budapest and Lisbon, rents can exceed 300% of a low wage earner's salary, rendering affordable housing nearly impossible for many. The article emphasizes that only four cities—Vienna, Turin, Helsinki, and Brussels—allow middle-income earners to remain below the 30% threshold for rental costs. 🏘️ Social Housing Solutions Vienna stands out as one of the best-performing cities due to its robust social housing policies and strict rent control measures, which help mitigate the impact of rising rents. In contrast, Budapest has seen minimal intervention from the government, leading to a severe housing shortage. The article argues that government action is essential to protect tenants and support social housing initiatives. 🔍 Drivers of the Housing Crisis Key factors contributing to this crisis include tourism and international migration. The prevalence of short-term rentals, such as Airbnb, in popular tourist destinations leads to a reduction in available long-term rental properties. Internal and international migration also plays a significant role, as new residents—often with higher incomes—drive up rental prices, making it harder for locals to afford housing. 📊 Data Collection and Findings The study utilized data from Housing Anywhere and Salary Explorer, revealing that in every city analyzed, average rent prices were unaffordable for low wage earners. Notably, the average rent for an apartment on the platform is beyond the financial reach of many, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive housing strategies across Europe. The article concludes by underscoring the importance of addressing these interconnected issues to create a sustainable and affordable housing landscape for all European citizens. | |
Emma Rosser & others | JLL | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperArticle | 2024 | In the context of a growing need for sustainable housing in Europe, the report "European Affordable Housing Investment Potential," published by JLL and authored by Emma Rosser, discusses the current landscape and investment opportunities in affordable housing across the continent. The document emphasizes the crucial role the private sector can play in addressing the stagnation of affordable housing supply as the demand continues to exceed available options. 🏠 Affordable Housing Landscape The report highlights that there are 26.4 million affordable homes in the UK and EU, accounting for 11% of all households, a decline from 12% a decade ago. The Netherlands leads with the highest share of affordable homes at 28%, mainly managed by housing associations. Countries like France, Ireland, and Spain have seen increases in affordable housing, with Ireland experiencing a remarkable 27% growth over ten years. However, the overall supply has stagnated, and many governments are currently facing challenges with rising costs and insufficient availability of affordable units. 📉 Unmet Demand The report identifies a significant unmet demand for affordable housing, with approximately 23 million households in the UK and EU experiencing housing burden, defined as spending more than 40% of their disposable income on housing. This indicates a pressing need for the sector to nearly double its capacity, requiring an estimated investment of €5.3 trillion to meet this demand. New development obligations in countries such as the UK and Ireland are pushing for a minimum of 10% affordable housing in new schemes, but these requirements have often suppressed overall housing supply. 💰 Investment Markets Institutional investors currently hold a minimal share of the affordable housing sector, at approximately 0.3%. However, investment activity is increasing, with affordable housing investment peaking at €2.6 billion last year. JLL's analysis notes a growing interest from private investors, particularly in markets with strong government incentives and support for affordable housing initiatives. 🌍 Government Support and New Supply Various government schemes across Europe provide incentives for new affordable housing construction, including grants, low-interest loans, and tax advantages. For instance, the UK has allocated £11.5 billion for affordable housing through its Affordable Homes Programme, aiming to deliver 180,000 homes over five years. The report underscores that consistent government support is crucial to fostering the growth of the affordable housing market and addressing the increasing demand effectively. Overall, the report presents a comprehensive overview of the challenges and opportunities in the European affordable housing market, highlighting the importance of collaborative efforts from both public and private sectors to create sustainable housing solutions. | |
European Environmental Bureau | European Environmental Bureau | Article | 2025 | 📄 Context and Publisher The "European Affordable Housing Plan – Response to Call for Evidence" was created by the European Environmental Bureau (EEB), an international non-profit organization based in Brussels. The document addresses the urgent housing crisis within the EU, highlighting the need for affordable, sustainable living conditions as a fundamental pillar for decent living standards and social inclusion. 🏚️ The Housing Crisis Unaffordable housing has become a pressing issue, with 8.8% of the EU population spending over 40% of their disposable income on housing. Between 2010 and 2021, house prices increased by 37% and rents by 16%. The COVID-19 pandemic and the cost of living crisis have exacerbated youth homelessness, with rates in cities like Madrid rising by 10% and in Dublin by 50% since 2021. Poor housing conditions lead to significant public health costs, estimated at €194 billion annually, disproportionately affecting vulnerable households. 🌱 Environmental Impact The building sector is a major contributor to the EU's environmental footprint, accounting for nearly one-third of it. This sector represents 42% of the EU's annual energy demand and generates about 33% of the continent's waste. The report emphasizes that sustainable housing solutions are essential not only for social equity but also for environmental sustainability. 🔑 Recommendations for the EAHP The EEB advocates for a comprehensive approach in the European Affordable Housing Plan (EAHP) to address the affordability and sustainability crisis. Key recommendations include improving the use of existing building stock, ensuring long-term affordability of housing, and investing in renovation and retrofitting. The EEB suggests that, for every €1 million invested in energy renovations, approximately 18 long-term jobs are created. 📊 Data Utilization To enhance efficiency, the report stresses the need for better data availability on building use, vacancies, and under-occupancy. This will inform policy decisions and help target investments effectively. It calls for the EU to establish common definitions and legally binding obligations for member states to monitor the use of existing buildings systematically. 💡 Social Safeguards and Financialization The document warns against false solutions that could worsen the housing crisis, emphasizing the importance of social safeguards in any measures taken. It advocates for tackling the financialization of housing to prevent speculation and ensure that investments lead to genuine affordability for vulnerable populations. 📞 Contact Information For further inquiries, Sonja Leyvraz, Associate Policy Officer for Circular Economy at the EEB, can be contacted via email. | |
& several universities | several universities | MOOCStudy / Report / HandbookOnline Portal | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Background The "European Housing Studies" (EHS) course has been developed in collaboration with several European public universities and esteemed housing experts across Europe, supported by the European Commission. This initiative aims to enhance the qualifications and educational standards within the housing sector, promoting professionalization and addressing contemporary housing issues at a European level. 📚 Course Overview The EHS course is tailored for a diverse group of professionals working in the housing sector, including real estate agents, housing managers, policymakers, NGOs, and consumers. It is designed to equip these individuals with specific skills necessary to navigate recurring challenges and contentious problems in European housing policies. Additionally, postgraduate students from various disciplines such as law, sociology, social work, economy, finance, anthropology, architecture, and urban design will benefit from specialized training in housing studies, which has often been only superficially addressed in their previous education. 🎓 Certification and Training Participants can access the EHS course for free in a self-study format. However, to obtain an official university title, candidates must pass a final examination and pay a fee. The course also offers an optional one-week training program to provide the latest updates and hands-on experience with leading European experts in the field. Specific dates for this training will be announced in advance. 🗂 Course Structure and Materials The EHS course is systematically divided into nine parts and includes a variety of training materials. These materials consist of a course book, diagrams, dynamic presentations, a role card game, and a blockchain simulator for property transactions. This comprehensive approach ensures that participants gain a well-rounded understanding of housing studies, equipping them with the tools needed to contribute to sustainable housing solutions in Europe. 🌱 Conclusion Overall, the "European Housing Studies" course represents a significant step towards improving education and professional standards in the housing sector, ultimately fostering more sustainable and effective housing policies across Europe. | |
PIABO PR on behalf of RE/MAX Europe | RE/MAX Europe | Article | 2023 | The European Housing Trend Report 2023, published by RE/MAX Europe, offers an in-depth analysis of the shifting housing market across 22 European countries, including Turkey and Israel. Authored by PIABO PR, the report is based on a comprehensive survey conducted in July 2023 with over 22,000 participants aged 18 to 65, providing a robust demographic insight into current housing trends. 🏡 High Mobility Intentions A striking finding from the report indicates that nearly 40% of Europeans surveyed plan to move within the next two years. This trend is largely motivated by personal aspirations for improved living conditions rather than financial pressures, despite the backdrop of rising inflation and housing costs. 🏠 Homeownership Aspirations The desire for homeownership remains strong, with 67.3% of respondents already owning property and many others aspiring to purchase homes. This aspiration is prevalent across all age groups, though affordability continues to pose a significant barrier, particularly for younger generations. 💰 Affordability Challenges Rising property prices and inflation are significant concerns, with almost a third of respondents expressing worries about finding affordable housing if they need to move soon. Despite these affordability challenges, many individuals are hesitant to compromise on their desired locations. 🤝 Emergence of Collaborative Living Innovative living arrangements like co-living and co-ownership are increasingly viewed as viable solutions to address housing affordability issues. Over half of the surveyed participants find co-living appealing, highlighting its community benefits and cost-sharing advantages. 🌱 Sustainable Living Trends The report also emphasizes a growing commitment to sustainable living practices. Many respondents are adopting eco-friendly upgrades such as LED lighting and solar panels. Additionally, the concept of "15-minute cities," which aims to minimize commuting by providing essential services within close proximity, is gaining traction. 🌍 Diverse Motivations for Moving Personal motivations dominate the reasons for moving, including desires for larger properties or more convenient locations. While financial considerations are less prominent, they remain significant in certain regions. 📈 Country-Specific Insights The report provides granular insights into housing trends across different countries, revealing variations in homeownership rates, preferences for urban versus rural living, and openness to new housing models like co-living and co-ownership. This comprehensive analysis underscores the dynamic nature of Europe’s housing market amid economic challenges and evolving lifestyle preferences, offering essential insights for stakeholders in the real estate sector. | |
Speaking: Nadia Calvinho, Teresa Ribera, Dan Jorgenson & others | EIB (European Investment Bank) on YouTube | Article | 2025 | 🌍 Context and Overview The European Investment Bank (EIB) Group Forum 2025 addressed pressing issues related to sustainable housing amid a backdrop of economic and social challenges in Europe. The event gathered key stakeholders, including policymakers, industry leaders, and academics, to discuss investment priorities that align with Europe’s climate and social goals. The forum highlighted the urgent need for affordable housing solutions, especially in the context of rising costs and demographic shifts. 🏠 Housing Crisis in Europe A significant statistic presented was that the European Union requires the construction of 1 million new homes annually, yet only 1.4 million building permits are issued each year, creating a gap of 900,000 units. Moreover, approximately 31.3% of Croatian households face overcrowding issues, indicating a broader trend affecting many regions across Europe. The EIB aims to double its financing for housing to €6 billion by 2026, aiming to unlock at least €35 billion for new homes, renovations, and innovative housing solutions. 📈 Investment and Financing Strategies The forum emphasized the necessity of combining public and private investment to tackle the housing crisis effectively. The EIB has proposed a One-Stop Shop portal to facilitate access to financing and expert advice for housing promoters. This initiative is seen as a crucial step in mobilizing resources to address the housing needs of citizens. The importance of utilizing urban brownfield sites for new housing developments was also discussed, as these sites can help alleviate the housing shortage while promoting sustainable urban development. 🤝 Collaboration Across Sectors Successful interventions in the housing market require collaboration among various stakeholders, including local authorities, private investors, and national governments. The forum highlighted successful models from different countries, such as Italy’s CDP, which has committed over €1.5 billion to affordable housing projects. The importance of regulatory frameworks that facilitate investment while ensuring social equity was underscored, with examples of cities implementing rent control measures to protect residents. 🌱 Future Directions and Goals As Europe aims to enhance its housing strategies, the forum concluded with a call for comprehensive, long-term solutions that prioritize sustainability and social inclusivity. The establishment of a pan-European housing platform was a key outcome, promoting best practices and ensuring that affordable housing becomes a reality for all European citizens, thereby enhancing social cohesion and economic resilience across the continent. | |
Tom McCabe, Stephen Screene, Alexandra Paulin & others | Cushman & Wakefield | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | The "EMEA Living Investor Survey 2024" is a detailed report published by Cushman & Wakefield, a prominent global commercial real estate services firm. The report, authored by a team of experts including Tom McCabe, Stephen Screene, and others, offers insights into the trends and expectations of investors in the European, Middle Eastern, and African (EMEA) living sector, based on a survey conducted in February 2024. 🌍 Growth of the Living Segment The living sector has experienced significant expansion, now accounting for approximately 20% of the European real estate market. This growth is evident in rising transaction volumes and increased allocations within real estate indices, indicating strong investor confidence in this segment. 🏢 Investor Preferences The survey highlights a robust interest in the Private Rented Sector (PRS) and student accommodation, with the UK and German markets poised to benefit the most from a resurgence in living investment volumes. These sectors are particularly attractive to investors seeking stable returns. 📈 Investment Strategies Investors are gravitating towards stabilized stock, joint ventures, and forward funding as their preferred deal structures. Such strategies are favored for their ability to mitigate risk and enhance scalability, making them appealing options in a fluctuating economic landscape. 💡 Economic Outlook Despite a projected slight downturn in the European economy for 2024, only modest reductions in interest rates are anticipated. Investors expect prime living capital values to stabilize by the second quarter of 2024, which may further bolster confidence in the living sector. 🌱 Sustainability Focus Sustainability has emerged as a critical consideration for investors in the living sector. Nearly 80% of respondents view sustainability as a key objective, with many willing to pay a premium for properties that demonstrate strong sustainability credentials. This trend reflects an increasing demand for eco-friendly housing solutions. 💰 Future Allocations A significant majority of investors—almost 80%—plan to increase their investments in the living sector over the next five years, potentially leading to annual inflows of €70-85 billion across the EMEA region. This anticipated growth underscores the sector’s potential and relevance in addressing housing needs. In conclusion, the "EMEA Living Investor Survey 2024" sheds light on investor sentiment and strategic priorities within the living sector, capturing both challenges and opportunities as the market continues to evolve, particularly in the context of sustainability and innovative housing solutions. | |
Housing Europe | Housing Europe | Policy Brief | 2025 | 🏛️ Context and Publisher The "European Manifesto to Lead the Way Out of the Housing Crisis" was published by Housing Europe, a federation representing public, cooperative, and social housing across Europe. This manifesto was released in the lead-up to the European elections in June 2024, highlighting the urgent need for action amidst a severe housing crisis intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and rising living costs. The document serves as a call to action for policymakers at all levels to address the multifaceted challenges facing the housing sector. 📊 Key Findings on the Housing Crisis Europe is facing its most disruptive housing crisis in decades, with escalating issues such as a lack of affordable housing, rising homelessness, and increasing construction costs. Between 2010 and 2023, house prices in the EU surged by 50%, while rents rose by 23%, significantly outpacing income growth. This has led to a situation where nearly 9.6 million young adults (aged 25-34) were still living with their parents in 2022 due to affordability issues. Furthermore, homelessness has increased by 70% from 2010 to 2020, affecting around 900,000 individuals on any given night in the EU. 🏗️ Three Pillars for a New Housing Paradigm The manifesto proposes a three-pronged approach to address the housing crisis: 1. Embrace a New Housing Paradigm: Recognizing public, cooperative, and social housing as essential components of national housing systems. It calls for reforms in EU fiscal and State Aid rules to promote long-term social investment in housing. 2. Back the Movement for a Fair Energy Transition: The housing sector must lead in Europe’s green transition, balancing affordability with renovation and new construction. The manifesto suggests simplifying access to EU funding linked to social criteria and promoting local decarbonization efforts. 3. Address Root Causes to End Housing Exclusion and Homelessness: Ensuring access to decent and affordable housing is crucial. The document emphasizes the need for long-term partnerships between housing providers and social services to address complex support needs. 🔍 Overarching Recommendations The manifesto calls for the reform of the EU’s regulatory and funding frameworks to support inclusive housing. It stresses the importance of sharing effective models of inclusive housing and adopting an integrated approach that places housing at the forefront of social inclusion and sustainability efforts. 📝 Conclusion The manifesto serves as both a diagnosis of Europe’s housing crisis and a strategic roadmap for change, urging policymakers to adopt a new paradigm that prioritizes sustainable housing solutions, integrates housing policy with climate action, and tackles exclusion and homelessness at their roots. | |
Catella (investment group) | Catella | Study / Report / Handbook | 2022 | The Catella European Residential Market Map Q1 2022 provides an insightful overview of the European housing market as of April 2022. Published by Catella, an investment group specializing in real estate and financial services, this report analyzes market dynamics across 63 cities in 20 countries. It highlights trends since 2015, noting that the residential real estate sector remains the most dynamic despite facing challenges such as inflation and geopolitical tensions. 📈 Current Market Trends As of the first quarter of 2022, the average monthly apartment rent across the analyzed cities stands at €16.05 per square meter, reflecting a 3.82% increase compared to the same period in 2021. However, this rental growth is occurring alongside an average inflation rate of 6.01% in the surveyed countries, suggesting that while rents are rising, they may not keep pace with broader economic pressures. 🏙️ Regional Variations in Rent The report reveals stark contrasts in rental prices across Europe. The lowest rents can be found in Liège, Belgium (€9.50/sqm), followed closely by Brno, Czech Republic (€9.80/sqm), and Malaga, Spain (€9.90/sqm). In contrast, Geneva, Switzerland, continues to lead as the most expensive rental market, with prices soaring to €30.80/sqm, followed by London (€30.70/sqm), Paris (€28.80/sqm), and Luxembourg (€30.00/sqm). 🏡 Apartment Purchase Prices The average purchase price for apartments across Europe has risen to €5,141 per square meter, marking a 2.47% increase year-on-year. Prices vary significantly, from €1,800/sqm in Riga to a staggering €15,260/sqm in Geneva. This trend underscores the growing demand for residential properties, even in the face of economic uncertainty. 📊 Investment Yields The average prime yields for apartment buildings in the analyzed markets are currently at 3.41%. Notably, Stockholm reports the lowest yield at 1.20%, while Zurich follows closely at 1.30%. In contrast, the most attractive yields are found in the Baltic cities of Riga and Vilnius, both offering 5.25%, and in Poland's Kraków and Wroclaw at 5.00%. These figures indicate a continuing decline in yields across many European locations, which investors should consider when evaluating potential housing investments. In summary, while the European residential market shows resilience and growth, challenges such as inflation and varying rental prices across regions must be carefully navigated by stakeholders interested in sustainable housing solutions. | |
Simone d'Antonio, Daniela Patti, Levente Polyak & others | Study / Report / Handbook | 2023 | 🌍 Context and Authors The report titled "Exploring the just transition: Europe" was published on July 4, 2023, by EUTROPIAN, a think tank focused on urban development and sustainability. The authors, Simone d'Antonio, Daniela Patti, and Levente Polyak, collaborated with Jazmin Burgess and Krisztina Campbell from C40 Cities, an organization comprised of cities committed to tackling climate change and driving urban action for a sustainable future. 🔍 Overview of Just Transition This report provides a comprehensive overview of the just transition framework in Europe, emphasizing its increasing significance as various institutions and policies, such as the European Green Deal and Just Transition Mechanism, address this crucial topic. The concept of a just transition aims to ensure that the shift towards sustainable economies is fair and inclusive, benefiting all segments of society. 🛠️ Key Themes and Challenges The report outlines several key themes related to just transition, including the need for coal regions and cities to move away from fossil fuels, the transformation of the industrial sector, and the reskilling and upskilling of workers for green jobs. Additionally, it highlights the importance of regional transformation to reduce territorial inequalities, ensuring fair working conditions, and promoting community leadership and ownership in the transition process. 🌐 National Strategies and Local Action Multiple European countries, including Germany, Scotland, France, and Ukraine, have developed national strategies addressing just transition. The report emphasizes the critical role cities play in shaping these processes, as they are directly impacted by the transition and can engage local stakeholders effectively. 🤝 Recommendations for Cities The authors recommend specific actions for cities to facilitate a successful just transition. These include engaging with national governments on just transition planning, fostering multi-stakeholder dialogues, improving interdepartmental coordination, designing collaborative reskilling policies, advocating for equitable support allocation at the EU level, and participating in European networks and partnerships. 📈 Importance of Implementation The report concludes that effective local implementation of just transition strategies, in alignment with regional and national plans, is vital for the future of work and long-term economic development across many European regions and cities. By restoring trust between local governments and communities, just transition strategies can play a significant role in reducing social and territorial inequalities in Europe. | ||
European Social Innovation Competition, European Innovation Council, Frank Appeldoorn, Holger Westphely, Jakob Detering & others | European Innovation Council | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Publisher Information The "Finance your social innovation - Toolkit" was created by the European Innovation Council, which is a part of the European Commission. This toolkit aims to support early-stage social innovators in getting their projects off the ground. Released on March 20, 2024, it is designed to provide practical guidance and resources for individuals and organizations looking to implement social innovations across Europe. 💡 Overview of the Toolkit The newly launched funding toolkit is specifically tailored for early-stage social innovators and young start-ups. It guides users through essential steps such as laying the groundwork for their projects, accessing funding, and utilizing early-stage finance tools and providers. The toolkit also highlights specific funding opportunities available within the European Union, ensuring that innovators have comprehensive support as they develop their business models. 🚀 A Unique Structure What sets this funding toolkit apart is its structured approach, which is metaphorically mapped around the trajectory of a rocket, transitioning from conception and design to lift-off. This visual representation helps users understand the progression of their projects and the necessary steps to secure funding. The toolkit breaks down various funding avenues, making it easier for users to navigate the complex landscape of financing social innovations. 📚 Practical Tools and Case Studies The toolkit is not just theoretical; it includes practical tools that users can implement to translate their ideas into actionable steps. Additionally, it features inspirational case studies from various EU Member States, showcasing successful social innovations and providing real-world examples of how funding has been utilized effectively. 👩🏫 Expert Contributions Throughout the toolkit, users will find valuable insights from respected experts in the field, including Frank Appeldoorn, Managing Partner at Arches Capital; Holger Westphely, Acting Head of CAF Venturesome; and Jakob Detering, Managing Director of Social Impact Award. Their contributions lend credibility and depth to the information provided, ensuring that users have access to quality advice and guidance on their journey toward social innovation. Overall, the "Finance your social innovation - Toolkit" represents a significant resource for individuals and organizations focused on sustainable housing and social impact initiatives, offering practical support in accessing funding and advancing their projects. | |
Christine Whitehead, Kath Scanlon, Michael Voigtländer & others | LSE | Study / Report / HandbookResearch Paper | 2023 | ## 🌍 Context and Authors The report titled "Financialization in 13 cities: an international comparative report" was published by the London School of Economics (LSE) in April 2023. It explores the financialization of housing markets in 13 cities, including Copenhagen, Stockholm, London, Dublin, Berlin, Barcelona, Lisbon, Vancouver, Miami, Singapore, Hong Kong, Sydney, and Auckland. The authors of the report are Christine Whitehead, Kath Scanlon, Michael Voigtländer, Jacob Karlsson, Fanny Blanc, and Martina Rotolo, who collaborated with local experts in each city to offer a comprehensive analysis of the issue. ## 📈 Key Findings ### Financialization and Its Impact The report highlights that financialization of housing has emerged as a significant global concern, particularly in cities with high demand. This phenomenon involves viewing housing primarily as an investment asset, which leads to escalating housing costs and increased insecurity for residents. The effects of financialization vary widely based on national policies, regulatory environments, and the influence of international investments. ### 🏛️ National Contexts Countries were categorized into four groups reflecting their openness to international finance and the strength of their regulations: 1. Deregulated Markets: Includes the USA, England, Canada, and Hong Kong, characterized by open financial systems and minimal regulation. 2. Owner-Occupation Dominant: Comprising Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore, where homeownership is prevalent and regulations limit foreign investment. 3. Financially Open with Changing Regulation: Includes Portugal and Spain, which are becoming more regulated while remaining financially open. 4. Strongly Regulated: Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and Ireland, noted for strong rent regulations and security of tenure. ### 🏙️ City-Level Analysis The report provides insights into cities engaged in financialization debates, often marked by growing populations, rising rents, and diminishing affordability. Cities like Vancouver and Miami are heavily influenced by foreign investments, while others, such as those in Scandinavia and Germany, see private equity firms exploiting regulatory loopholes. ### 💰 Effects on Housing Markets Financialization has contributed to increasing housing prices and rents, exacerbated by swift demand changes coupled with slow supply responses. Additionally, platforms like Airbnb are reducing the availability of long-term rental housing, further impacting affordability. ### 🏛️ Anti-Financialization Policies The report discusses various government interventions aimed at mitigating financialization's adverse effects, including rent regulations, restrictions on short-term rentals, changes to planning laws, and measures to increase transparency for foreign buyers. ## 📊 Conclusion In conclusion, the report indicates that financialization is a multifaceted issue with varying impacts across different contexts. It underscores the necessity for tailored policies to address the specific challenges faced by each city and country, striving to balance economic efficiency with social equity and housing affordability. | |
WCM (Worldwide Coliving Membership) | WCM (Worldwide Coliving Membership) | Study / Report / Handbook | 2023 | 🌍 Context and Publisher The trend report titled "Flexible Living" is published by WCM (Worldwide Coliving Membership), an organization dedicated to enhancing the coliving experience through community engagement and research. This report, created on August 17, 2023, presents findings from a global survey aimed at understanding the perspectives of coliving residents concerning their lifestyles, residential satisfaction, and the communal spaces and services they utilize. 📊 Survey Overview To gain insights into the coliving community, WCM administered a comprehensive 26-question survey to 462 participants from five member countries. The survey specifically focused on gathering data about residents' satisfaction with their coliving experiences, their views on sustainability, and their interests in environmental practices. The findings are instrumental in understanding the unique dynamics of coliving and how they contribute to sustainable housing solutions across Europe. 🤔 Key Findings The survey results reveal crucial information about the satisfaction levels of residents living in coliving spaces. Participants expressed varying degrees of contentment with their communal living arrangements, indicating a strong connection to their living environments. The survey also highlighted the importance of communal spaces and shared services, which are integral to fostering a sense of community among residents. 🌱 Interest in Sustainability Another significant aspect of the survey was its exploration of residents' attitudes towards sustainability. The participants demonstrated a keen interest in environmental practices and expressed a desire for their living spaces to incorporate more sustainable features. This data suggests that coliving communities are not only places for shared living but also platforms for promoting sustainable lifestyles. 📈 Future Changes Residents articulated what changes they hope to see in their coliving environments, reflecting their aspirations for improved communal facilities and enhanced sustainability practices. The feedback gathered from this survey serves as a valuable resource for understanding the evolving needs of residents and the potential for growth within the coliving sector. In conclusion, the "Flexible Living - Trend Report" by WCM provides valuable insights into the coliving community's perspectives, particularly in relation to satisfaction and sustainability. This information is crucial for stakeholders interested in promoting sustainable housing solutions across Europe. | |
Stefan Thomas Pirker | Universität Graz | Academic Thesis | 2009 | 🌍 Context and Publication The document titled "Formation and Financing of the European Cooperative Society (SCE)" was authored by Stefan Thomas Pirker and published by Universität Graz. This work serves as a master's thesis in law, submitted to the Faculty of Law at Karl-Franzens-University Graz. The research focuses on the establishment and financing mechanisms of the European Cooperative Society, a significant development in cooperative law within the EU framework. 📜 Overview of the European Cooperative Society The SCE is a legal form designed to facilitate cross-border cooperative activity among members from different EU member states. It allows both natural and legal persons to form a cooperative that can operate across the EU, enhancing the potential for collaborative business ventures. This legal structure aims to remove barriers to trade and promote economic integration within the European Union, fostering a more sustainable and inclusive economic environment. 💼 Establishment and Regulations The SCE can be established in three ways: through the formation of a new cooperative, the merger of existing national cooperatives, or the conversion of an existing cooperative into an SCE. The founding members must be distributed across at least two EU member states, ensuring compliance with the principle of multi-nationality. The SCE operates under a legal framework that prioritizes member welfare over profit maximization, promoting a cooperative spirit among its members. 💰 Financing Structure The financing of the SCE is structured to support its members' economic activities while ensuring sustainability. The minimum capital requirement for establishing an SCE is set at €30,000, with provisions for both cash and in-kind contributions. This capital is crucial for maintaining financial stability and enabling the cooperative to serve its members effectively. Additionally, the SCE allows for profit distribution that prioritizes member benefits, making it a viable option for sustainable housing initiatives within the cooperative framework. 👥 Member Participation and Rights One of the key features of the SCE is its democratic governance model, where each member has an equal voice regardless of their financial contributions. This principle strengthens member engagement and fosters a sense of community, essential for sustainable housing projects that rely on active participation. The SCE’s structure encourages collaboration and shared responsibility, aligning with broader goals of sustainability and social equity. 📅 Conclusion The SCE represents a significant advancement in cooperative law, allowing for greater flexibility and support for cooperative ventures across Europe. This legal form is particularly relevant for sustainable housing initiatives, as it aligns with the principles of cooperation, sustainability, and member welfare, contributing to a more resilient and inclusive European economy. | |
Daniela Patti & Levente Polyák & others | Cooperative City Books | Study / Report / Handbook | 2017 | 🌍 Context and Background "Funding the Cooperative City" is a publication edited by Daniela Patti and Levente Polyák, released by Cooperative City Books in Vienna in September 2017. The book is a vital exploration of community-led urban development in European cities during a period marked by austerity measures, unemployment, and the financialization of real estate. It emphasizes the importance of self-organized, locally rooted, and resilient community networks and civic spaces. 🏙️ Key Themes and Focus The book delves into the landscape of urban development in Europe, highlighting various cities including Lisbon, Madrid, Rome, Liverpool, Rotterdam, Berlin, Warsaw, Bratislava, and Budapest. It presents strategies for fundraising, investment, self-organization, resistance, and cooperation with institutions. The authors examine how citizen initiatives, cooperatives, non-profit organizations, community land trusts, crowdfunding platforms, ethical banks, and anti-speculation foundations are navigating away from traditional real estate development dynamics. They are creating new mechanisms to access, purchase, renovate, or construct buildings that serve community needs. 💡 Community Finance and Civic Economy The publication compiles interviews and analyses, detailing trends and contexts in community finance and civic economy. It offers valuable resources for community organizations and civic space initiators, as well as for private developers, municipalities, and EU institutions interested in supporting and collaborating with these initiatives. The book aims to foster more resilient and inclusive local communities and services. 📚 Contributions and Resources "Funding the Cooperative City" features contributions from various experts and practitioners in the field, including names such as Tiago Mota Saraiva from Ateliermob, Bryan Boyer from Brickstarter, and Massimo Marinacci from Banca Etica. Each contributor brings unique insights into community finance and urban development, providing a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and solutions in creating sustainable urban environments. 🔗 Accessibility and Licensing With 244 pages, the book is available in a B5 paper format and is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International. This allows for sharing and adaptation as long as proper credit is given, making it a resourceful material for anyone interested in the future of urban community development. | |
Andrej Holm & Christoph Laimer | TU Wien Academic Press | Academic ThesisResearch Paper | 2021 | 🌍 Context and Publication The publication titled "Gemeinschaftliches Wohnen und selbstorganisiertes Bauen," edited by Andrej Holm and Christoph Laimer, was created as part of a research fellowship in real estate economics and urban development funded by a private foundation. The work aims to explore new forms of communal living and self-organized building processes that address current challenges in housing. 🏘️ Key Themes and Findings The publication discusses the potential of communal living and self-organized building to respond to pressing housing crises across Europe. It emphasizes how these approaches can create affordable living spaces while addressing social and urban development needs. The research highlights various instruments and models that have emerged in response to governmental and civil society initiatives, suggesting that self-organized housing projects can become critical components of urban development. 🔑 Historical Background A historical overview reveals the evolution of housing movements, particularly focusing on the cooperative housing movement from the late 19th century to present-day practices. The publication outlines how communal projects have historically aimed to improve living conditions, moving beyond mere housing provision to encompass social solidarity and participatory governance. ✏️ Practical Applications Several practical applications are illustrated, including the role of alternative financing models and the importance of community engagement in the planning and execution of housing projects. The publication stresses that successful communal living arrangements often require a collective approach to ownership and governance, which can provide long-term stability against market fluctuations. 📈 Future Perspectives The research provides insights into future perspectives for sustainable housing, highlighting the relevance of communal living in today's urban contexts. It discusses how these housing models can foster a sense of community while reducing reliance on traditional market-driven housing solutions. The editors and contributors advocate for a reconsideration of housing as a fundamental right, emphasizing the need for policies that support communal and cooperative living initiatives. 📚 Conclusion In conclusion, "Gemeinschaftliches Wohnen und selbstorganisiertes Bauen" serves as a comprehensive resource for understanding the dynamics of communal living and self-organization in housing. It compiles the findings of the fellowship's research, offering a valuable contribution to the ongoing discourse on sustainable housing solutions in Europe. | |
Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR) | Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR) | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperPolicy Brief | 2023 | 📚 Context and Background The study titled "Gemeinwohlorientierte Wohnungspolitik - eine Studie" was published by the Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR), focusing on the increasing significance of the "common good" in housing policy amidst tightening housing markets and rising demand for affordable housing. The study addresses the social impacts of these challenges, particularly for individuals with care needs or disabilities. 🏘️ Key Findings The study reveals that non-profit foundations play a crucial role in the housing market, particularly in providing housing for vulnerable groups such as seniors and people with disabilities. These foundations, although unable to focus solely on housing due to tax law, have emerged as significant players in two main areas: firstly, they offer housing solutions for those in need, and secondly, they are purchasing properties to remove them from speculative markets. 🔍 Diverse Business Models Foundations utilize various business models for real estate management to fulfill their missions. While some foundations engage in "mission investing," acquiring housing stock to serve their purposes, this practice is still relatively uncommon. The long-term commitment to specific goals allows these foundations to operate independently from prevailing housing policy trends. 🏗️ Innovative Legal Frameworks The "Mietshäuser Syndikat," or tenement house syndicate, provides a sustainable legal framework protecting residential properties from being sold. This model has gained popularity across Germany, facilitating both the purchase of existing buildings and new constructions. Some projects cooperate with land foundations to enhance their impact. 🌍 European Comparisons The study also examines housing initiatives from other European countries, highlighting successful models like community land trusts funded by municipalities in London and Brussels. These examples illustrate different financing and foundation structures that contribute to sustainable housing solutions. 🏛️ Municipal Efforts Many municipalities are implementing strategies to promote housing policies focused on the common good, such as allocating urban land concepts with specific requirements for cooperation with social institutions. The city of Zurich exemplifies this approach, supporting foundations to maintain affordable housing. Overall, while the segment of foundations oriented towards the common good currently holds limited quantitative significance in the housing market, their contributions to local communities, alternative financing models, and cooperative initiatives indicate a growing trend towards sustainable housing solutions in Europe. | |
André Sacharow | TU Berlin | Academic ThesisResearch Paper | 2025 | 🌍 Context and Background The document titled "Genossenschaftliche Projektentwicklung von Wohnraum-Commons" is a Master's thesis by André Sacharow, published at TU Berlin in May 2023. It addresses the pressing need for sustainable housing solutions amid various societal crises. The study explores the intersection of cooperative project development and the concept of "Commons," emphasizing the potential for creating equitable living spaces through self-organized community practices. 🏘️ Key Concepts The thesis investigates how residential Commons can be developed through cooperative project management. It highlights the importance of understanding socio-economic relationships in urban environments, proposing that the collaborative use of shared resources (Commons) can provide solutions to housing issues. The research finds a significant overlap between cooperative principles and Commons studies, suggesting that the practices of commoning can enhance social cohesion and sustainability in urban areas. 🏗️ Methodology and Findings The research employs a mixed-method approach, including qualitative case studies of three types of cooperatives in Berlin: traditional cooperatives, young cooperatives, and roof cooperatives. Each case study illustrates different strategies for project development and community engagement. The study identifies key instruments for fostering Commons, such as financial transparency, democratic governance, and community involvement in decision-making processes. 📈 Data Overview The thesis documents that cooperatives own approximately 9% of the housing stock in Germany, with a strong historical connection to social movements dating back to the 19th century. It emphasizes that effective communal living solutions require a shift from privatization and commodification towards a more inclusive and cooperative approach. The study concludes that increasing awareness of the Commons as a viable alternative to traditional housing models is essential for addressing contemporary urban challenges. 🔑 Conclusion In summary, Sacharow's work advocates for the integration of cooperative values with Commons principles to create sustainable and resilient housing solutions. By analyzing the dynamics of cooperative project development in Berlin, the thesis contributes valuable insights for urban practitioners and policymakers aiming to foster social equity and environmental sustainability in housing. | |
Helen Whittle | Deutsche Welle | Article | 2025 | 📅 Context and Overview Published by Deutsche Welle, an influential German international broadcaster, the article authored by Helen Whittle discusses Germany's ongoing housing crisis and the government's plans to boost construction in response to a significant shortage of affordable housing. As the new Construction and Housing Minister, Verena Hubertz highlighted the urgency of the situation, referring to housing as "the social issue of our time." 🏗️ New Legislative Measures The German government is preparing to introduce a new legislation, referred to as "Bau-Turbo" (construction turbo), aimed at streamlining the approval processes for construction projects. This legislation will allow municipalities to approve new residential buildings, change-of-use, and renovation projects that deviate from existing building regulations. With planning applications to be automatically approved within two months unless opposed by local authorities, the government estimates that this could save companies, citizens, and municipalities around €2.5 billion ($2.9 billion) annually. 📈 Challenges Ahead Despite these promising changes, industry experts caution that the housing construction sector will not see immediate results. Tim-Oliver Müller, managing director of the Federal Association of the German Construction Industry, noted that while the new law simplifies approvals, it will not instantly generate new housing units. The construction industry is currently grappling with multiple crises, including rising energy prices and inflation, exacerbated by the geopolitical impacts of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. 🌿 Environmental Concerns Environmentalists have expressed concerns about the potential negative impact of easing planning regulations. They argue that such measures could lead to the loss of green spaces, which are essential for urban cooling and biodiversity. Critics like Matthias Günther from the Pestel Institute believe that the new legislation may create additional bureaucracy without achieving meaningful short-term results. 🏡 The Housing Demand The article emphasizes the pressing need for affordable housing in Germany, where more than half of the population lives in rented accommodations, the highest share in the EU. The Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development estimates that Germany requires approximately 320,000 new homes annually until 2030. The current coalition government plans to increase the Construction Ministry's budget to €7.4 billion for 2025, focusing on social housing, climate-friendly construction, and promoting homeownership for young families. | |
Giovanna Coi | Politico | Article | 2024 | Gimme shelter: Cost-of-living crisis squeezes Europe’s housing 📰 Context and Overview This article, authored by Giovanna Coi and published by POLITICO, explores the impact of the ongoing cost-of-living crisis on housing in Europe, particularly highlighting challenges faced by urban residents and lower-income households. The narrative discusses the steady rise in housing prices and rents since 2014, a trend that continued even during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article is part of POLITICO’s Global Policy Lab: Living Cities initiative, which focuses on urban living and the future of cities. 🏠 Rising Housing Costs The article notes that home ownership has become increasingly unattainable for many Europeans due to escalating real estate prices, worsened by the cost-of-living crisis. Lamia Kamal-Chaoui from the OECD highlights that housing price increases are particularly severe in large cities and are affecting not only the poor but also the middle class. This crisis has forced younger residents to live with their parents longer and discouraged them from moving to cities with better job opportunities due to unaffordable housing. 📈 Economic Factors Despite fears of a real estate bubble due to rising prices, early indicators suggest stability in the market. Central banks have raised interest rates in response to the cost-of-living crisis, reversing a decade of price hikes. However, this presents challenges for potential homeowners as higher interest rates lead to steeper mortgages. Furthermore, a persistent shortage of suitable housing continues to make affordability a pressing issue, with demand outpacing supply. 🏗️ Housing Supply Challenges The article indicates that building new homes has become more expensive over the past decade, particularly since the pandemic. Although there was a rebound in construction approvals in 2021, numbers declined again the following year. Some cities are attempting to convert vacant commercial spaces into social housing, but this strategy is not universally applicable. Municipalities are also struggling to create housing policies that adapt to evolving resident needs, as many people prefer living in less hectic areas outside major cities. 🌍 Conclusion Kamal-Chaoui emphasizes that cities are beginning to prioritize housing shortages, recognizing the need for effective policy responses to growing challenges. The article illustrates the need for sustainable housing solutions that can accommodate the changing dynamics of urban living in Europe amidst ongoing economic pressures. | |
United Nations Environment Programme | United Nations Environment Programme | Study / Report / Handbook | 2022 | 🌍 Context and Publisher The "Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction" (Buildings-GSR) is a key publication produced by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and is part of the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GlobalABC). This report serves as an annual assessment of the global progress within the buildings and construction sector, evaluating the effectiveness of policies, financing, technologies, and solutions in relation to the goals set by the Paris Agreement. It aims to equip stakeholders with evidence to influence policymakers and drive action within the construction community. 🏗️ Key Findings and Challenges The 2022 Buildings-GSR identifies significant disruptions and challenges confronting the buildings sector. It highlights that despite a notable increase in investments aimed at enhancing energy efficiency, the total energy consumption and CO2 emissions from buildings surged in 2021, surpassing pre-pandemic levels. Specifically, buildings’ energy demand rose by approximately 4% from 2020, reaching 135 exajoules (EJ), marking the steepest increase in the last decade. Furthermore, CO2 emissions from building operations reached a historic high of around 10 gigatons (GtCO2), reflecting a 5% rise from 2020 and exceeding the previous peak in 2019 by 2%. 📉 Decarbonization Status The report unequivocally states that the buildings and construction sector is not on track to meet the decarbonization targets set for 2050. There is an increasing gap between the sector's current climate performance and the required decarbonization pathway, raising concerns about the future sustainability of the sector. 💰 Economic Factors Affecting Investment The report also points to external economic factors such as global energy price volatility and rising interest rates, which are expected to hinder investments in building decarbonization. These financial challenges may impede the efforts of governments, households, and businesses to transition towards more sustainable building practices. In conclusion, the 2022 Buildings-GSR provides essential insights into the current status and future trajectory of the buildings and construction sector, emphasizing the urgency for enhanced actions and investments to align with climate goals. | |
Hendrik Lehmann, Helena Wittlich & others. Speaking: Hendrik Lehmann, Helena Wittlich & others. | re:publica on YouTube | Video | 2024 | 🏛️ Context and Overview The video titled "#GroundControl: Wem gehört der Boden in Europas Hauptstädten?" was published by re:publica on May 29, 2024, and focuses on the ongoing research into land ownership in European capitals. The project highlights the connections between land ownership and housing crises, employing graphics and satellite imagery to illustrate the distribution of land ownership and its impact on rental prices. It is presented by Hendrik Lehmann and Helena Wittlich, who have been involved in extensive research on this pressing issue for over a year. 📈 Key Findings on Land Ownership The research reveals significant disparities in land ownership across various European cities. For instance, it shows how the Church retains considerable power over land, affecting the housing market. The study notes that ownership transparency is lacking in Germany compared to other nations, making it difficult to discern who owns what and how that influences housing availability and pricing. 🏘️ Housing Crisis Insights The video discusses the European housing crisis, emphasizing that rising rental and purchase prices are alarming trends throughout major cities. For example, Berlin's rental prices have surged dramatically, with the city now ranked just behind Madrid in terms of price increases. The researchers point out that the financial market dynamics and the influence of private investors are crucial factors contributing to this crisis. 📊 Impact of Economic Factors The researchers highlight that the high-interest rates and the subsequent slowdown in construction have exacerbated the housing shortage. They note that while demand for student housing remains strong, conventional residential building projects are declining. Additionally, the influx of international students and tourists post-COVID-19 has created further pressure on the housing market. 🌍 Collaborative Research Efforts The project has involved a collaborative approach, connecting with 15 media organizations across Europe to address the housing crisis. This cooperation aims to shed light on the shared challenges that cities face regarding land and housing policies. The researchers stress the need for a unified approach to tackle these issues effectively. 📉 Recommendations for Future Action The presentation concludes with a call for increased transparency in land ownership and regulatory practices, suggesting that public knowledge of land transactions could help mitigate the crisis. The researchers advocate for data-driven approaches to assess and address the housing situation in urban environments across Europe, emphasizing the importance of sustainable housing solutions for future generations. | |
European Commission’s Directorates-General for Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO), Joint Research Centre (JRC) & others. | EU Joint Research Center | Study / Report / Handbook | 2021 | The Handbook of Sustainable Urban Development Strategies, published by the EU Joint Research Center, serves as a vital resource for local authorities and stakeholders involved in urban planning and sustainable housing. Created on February 25, 2021, the Handbook emphasizes the importance of implementing integrated and place-based urban strategies within the framework of EU cohesion policy. 🌍 Context and Purpose The Handbook was developed to meet the diverse needs of various territorial and administrative contexts across Europe. It is not designed as a quick-fix solution but rather as a comprehensive policy learning tool that provides insights into addressing key challenges during the strategy design and implementation process. Through concrete examples and references to existing studies and guidelines, it aims to enhance the capacity of local authorities and managing bodies to create effective urban development strategies. 🏗️ Six Building Blocks Central to the Handbook's approach are six essential building blocks that reflect the EU's integrated strategy for urban development: strategic dimension, territorial focus, governance, cross-sectoral integration, funding and finance, and monitoring. These components are crucial for fostering sustainable urban environments and ensuring that development aligns with broader EU objectives. 📊 Data-Driven Insights The Handbook leverages data from STRAT-Board, a database and online tool that provides an overview of Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) strategies implemented between 2014 and 2020. This data-driven approach facilitates informed decision-making and allows stakeholders to learn from past initiatives and best practices. 🤝 Collaborative Initiative This Handbook is a collaborative effort involving the European Commission’s Directorates-General for Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO) and the Joint Research Centre (JRC). It benefits from the active participation of policymakers, practitioners, and scholars who contribute their expertise to ensure that the content is relevant and actionable. In summary, the Handbook of Sustainable Urban Development Strategies is a crucial document for anyone involved in sustainable housing and urban development in Europe. It outlines a strategic framework for integrating sustainability into urban policies and provides essential guidance for navigating the complexities of urban planning. | |
Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB) | Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB) | Article | 2023 | 🌍 Context and Publisher The document titled "Holistic evaluation of housing projects and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" is part of the Evaluation Perspectives publication series by the Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB). The CEB's Office of Evaluation (EVO) prepared this series to disseminate knowledge and evidence-based learning regarding social development issues among its member countries. The focus of this first issue is housing, a critical societal issue exacerbated by factors such as urban population growth, rising housing prices, and urban transformation trends. 🏠 Importance of Housing in the 2030 Agenda The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by the United Nations in September 2015, emphasizes the importance of housing, specifically through Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11. This goal aims to foster inclusive and sustainable cities and communities, with a core target of ensuring access to adequate, safe, and affordable housing for all. The CEB has prioritized financing housing for lower-income and vulnerable groups since its establishment in 1956, highlighting its commitment to addressing this pressing issue. 📊 Findings from Evaluations The evaluations conducted by the CEB concerning social housing projects, including a comprehensive evaluation cycle completed in 2019, revealed valuable insights that can enhance the social impact of future projects. Traditionally, housing evaluations have concentrated on physical structures, measuring success based on the number of dwellings constructed or their quality and cost-effectiveness. However, housing is part of a broader urban context where investments have far-reaching effects beyond mere construction. 🔍 Holistic Evaluation Approach This paper advocates for a holistic evaluation framework that transcends physical interventions, employing a three-level assessment approach. The first level evaluates the physical aspects of the dwellings. The second level examines the direct and indirect effects on beneficiaries, such as improvements in health, household finances, employment, and education. The third level considers the broader impacts on neighborhoods, economic and social structures, and the natural environment. These third-level effects may take time to manifest and can be both positive and negative, often influenced by unforeseen consequences. 🌱 Sustainability Considerations Understanding the diverse range of effects from housing investments is crucial for ensuring their sustainability from human, social, environmental, and institutional perspectives. This comprehensive evaluation approach aims to maximize the benefits of housing projects while acknowledging the complexities involved in their implementation and outcomes. | |
Marco Pomati and Mark Stephens | Cambridge University Press | Article | 2024 | 🏠 Context and Overview This article, titled "Housing affordability and poverty in Europe: on the deteriorating position of market renters," was published in the Journal of Social Policy by authors Marco Pomati and Mark Stephens. The research investigates the pressing issue of housing affordability in Europe, particularly focusing on market renters and low-income households, and draws from data collected from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey covering the years 2010 to 2018. 📈 Key Findings on Housing Affordability The study highlights a growing concern regarding housing affordability across Europe, with reports from Housing Europe and the OECD suggesting a general deterioration in housing conditions. The research indicates that while overall affordability measures show little sign of general decline, risks have increasingly concentrated on market renters. The paper emphasizes that economic factors, such as GDP per capita and the at-risk-of-poverty rate, significantly influence housing affordability across different countries. 💡 Data Insights The analysis reveals that households spending more than 40% of their disposable income on housing are considered cost-burdened. The findings suggest that the economic context—particularly the relationship between income levels and housing costs—plays a critical role in determining affordability, with low-income households disproportionately affected. By 2018, the proportion of market renters experiencing affordability problems had increased relative to mortgaged homeowners, indicating a shift in the landscape of housing affordability. 🌍 Comparative Analysis Across Europe The article compares trends in housing affordability across different European nations, revealing that countries with stringent rent regulations and comprehensive housing allowance coverage tend to have lower rates of affordability problems. However, the analysis also points out that financialization of housing markets does not significantly predict affordability issues, suggesting a need for further exploration of alternative explanations and policy interventions to address the housing crisis. 🔑 Conclusions and Policy Implications The research concludes that while housing affordability measures may appear stable at an aggregate level, the deterioration of market renters' positions signals an urgent need for policy action. Recommendations include increasing housing supply, enhancing rent regulation, and expanding housing allowances to alleviate the financial pressures faced by renters. The findings call for a reconsideration of housing policies to promote sustainable and equitable housing solutions in Europe. | |
European Construction Sector Observatory & others | European Construction Sector Observatory | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperPolicy Brief | 2019 | 🏠 Context and Purpose The report titled "Housing Affordability and Sustainability in the EU" was created by the European Construction Sector Observatory (ECSO) as part of an analytical effort to provide insights and evidence-based recommendations for policymakers. The goal is to address the critical issue of housing affordability and sustainability across the European Union, highlighting the challenges and opportunities faced by member states. 📊 Key Findings Housing affordability has become a pressing concern in Europe, with rising house prices and stagnant wage growth exacerbating the issue. By 2017, an estimated 82 million citizens (16% of the EU population) spent more than 40% of their disposable income on housing. The highest housing cost overburden rate was recorded in Greece at 39.6%. The report emphasizes that housing affordability is not solely an economic issue but is intertwined with social inequality, as housing constitutes the largest share of wealth in developed economies. 🌱 Drivers of Sustainability The report identifies several drivers that can enhance both housing affordability and sustainability. These include sustainable urban planning policies, economic factors such as fiscal and monetary measures, and the integration of digital technologies in the construction sector. A key aspect of sustainable housing is ensuring that it contributes to a better quality of life for all citizens while considering environmental impacts and resource efficiency. 🚧 Obstacles to Affordability Despite recognizing the importance of affordable housing, systemic socio-economic issues hinder progress. Key obstacles include stringent rental market regulations, insufficient investment in affordable housing, and the rising costs of construction materials and labor. The report notes that the construction sector’s productivity remains low, impacting the overall supply of affordable housing. 💡 Policy Initiatives To combat these challenges, the report outlines various policy initiatives across EU member states. These include favorable lending conditions, grants for homebuyers, and public investment in social housing. For instance, France’s "Prêt à taux zéro" program offers zero-interest loans for first-time homebuyers. Additionally, the report highlights innovative funding mechanisms, such as social impact bonds, which leverage private investments for social goals. 📈 Conclusion The ECSO report underscores the urgent need for coordinated policy responses that address the complex interrelations between housing, socio-economic factors, and environmental sustainability. By implementing comprehensive strategies, European countries can work toward ensuring safe, decent, and affordable housing for all citizens, contributing to overall social equity and economic stability. | |
Cody Hochstenbach, Justin Kadi, Sophia Maalsen & others | International Journal of Housing Policy | Research Paper | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Background The document titled "Housing as an engine of inequality and the role of policy" was published in the International Journal of Housing Policy, a platform dedicated to addressing issues related to housing policies and their socio-economic implications. The authors, Cody Hochstenbach, Justin Kadi, Sophia Maalsen, and Megan Nethercote, explore how housing is not merely a product of socio-economic status but also a significant driver of inequality across various contexts, particularly in countries like Australia, the Netherlands, and the UK. 📉 Housing Crisis and Inequality The authors highlight a pressing "housing crisis" characterized by escalating rents and increasing homelessness, especially during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. Reports indicate that young adults are increasingly facing precarious housing situations, often having to move away from jobs and educational opportunities in search of affordable accommodation. The document notes that, in Australia, a growing number of renters are experiencing housing insecurity, with many shifting to regions that were once affordable but are now also facing rising costs. 🌍 Socio-Economic Disparities The text outlines significant disparities in housing wealth distribution, noting that in 2017, the top 10% of households in Australia, the US, and the UK held 45%, 53%, and 39% of total net housing wealth, respectively. In the Netherlands, the top 10% similarly owned 40% of net housing wealth, while the bottom half of the population largely owned nothing or were in mortgage debt. This wealth concentration exacerbates socio-economic divides, with the document indicating that rising house prices have outpaced wage growth, leading to stark inequalities between homeowners and renters. 🏛️ Policy Implications The article emphasizes the role of state policies in perpetuating housing inequality. It argues that favorable tax schemes and mortgage credit systems have historically promoted housing wealth accumulation among property owners. For instance, policies that prioritize homeownership as a preferred form of tenure have created barriers for many to access affordable housing. The authors call for critical reflection on how housing policies can be restructured to mitigate these inequalities and promote sustainable housing solutions. 📝 Conclusion The findings presented in this editorial underscore the complex interplay between housing, policy, and inequality. As the housing crisis continues to evolve, understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective housing policies that address the needs of marginalized populations and promote sustainable living conditions across Europe. | |
Dimitra Siatitsa, Laura Colini, and Simone Tulumello | Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS) | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy BriefResearch Paper | 2025 | 🏛️ Context and Publication The policy study titled "Housing as Investment in Greece and Southern Europe: Private Profit vs Social Value" was published in 2025 by the Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS) in collaboration with Eteron, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, and InSocial. It explores the financialization of housing in Greece and Southern Europe, emphasizing the shift from viewing housing as a social good to a mere investment asset. The research was conducted by Dimitra Siatitsa, Laura Colini, and Simone Tulumello. 📈 Housing Crisis in Greece The study highlights a severe housing crisis in Southern Europe, particularly in Greece, where housing prices surged by 66.4% from 2017 to 2024, making it increasingly unaffordable for local residents. In 2022, 28.5% of the total population and 84.5% of the poor spent over 40% of their disposable income on housing. Homeownership fell from 73% in 2011 to 70% in 2022, with the rental market expanding significantly under foreign demand and tourism influences. 🔍 Pathways of Financialization Three main pathways contributing to housing financialization are identified: 1. Private Debt Management: The management of non-performing loans has become an investment opportunity, concentrating residential properties in the hands of banks and debt servicers. 2. Touristification of Housing: Short-term rentals, facilitated by digital platforms, have converted residential properties into commodities for tourists. By 2024, Greece had around 232,841 short-term rental units. 3. Entrepreneurial Rental Markets: New corporate actors are entering the rental sector, targeting niche markets such as student housing, rather than local needs. ⚖️ Legal Mechanisms and Speculation The "Golden Visa Program," established in 2013, offers residency permits to non-EU investors purchasing property over €250,000, contributing €5.5-7 billion to the market since 2014. Additionally, legal frameworks have been created to facilitate the securitization of non-performing loans, allowing banks to offload these loans. 📉 Policy Limitations Recent Greek government housing policies have been criticized for focusing on market solutions, boosting mortgaged homeownership, and providing minimal resources for social housing. The study argues that these approaches may exacerbate issues rather than resolve them. 🌍 Comparative Analysis and Alternative Paths Greece uniquely lacks a public or non-profit housing sector compared to other Southern European nations. The study suggests three alternative policy pathways: controlling market dynamics, socializing housing through public stocks, and building democratic governance structures. 📊 Conclusion The authors conclude that mainstream housing policy solutions are often part of the problem and advocate for a shift towards policies anchored in social rights and sustainability, ensuring that both private and public investments are directed towards equitable housing systems. | |
Peter Alexander Carl Pfatteicher, Olive McCarthy, and Carol Power | Journal of Co-operative Studies | Research Paper | 2024 | ### 🌍 Context of the Study The article titled "Housing co-operatives in Germany: 160 years of evolution and resilience" is published in the Journal of Co-operative Studies, a reputable source for research on cooperative models. The authors, Peter Alexander Carl Pfatteicher, Olive McCarthy, and Carol Power, examine the historical and contemporary landscape of housing cooperatives in Germany, emphasizing their relevance in addressing current housing challenges. ### 📅 Historical Overview The paper outlines the evolution of housing cooperatives in Germany over the past 160 years, divided into five key periods. The first period, from 1803 to 1914, marks the rise of housing cooperatives, establishing a foundation for collaborative living. The second period, 1914 to 1933, encompasses the impacts of World War I and the subsequent Weimar Republic, during which housing cooperatives faced significant challenges. ### ⚔️ World War Era Challenges The period from 1933 to 1945 highlights the destruction of the values and principles of housing cooperatives during the Nazi regime and World War II, leading to a decline in cooperative housing initiatives. However, post-1945, through October 1990, housing cooperatives experienced a resurgence, particularly in East and West Germany, as communities sought new beginnings and stability in the aftermath of war. ### 🏡 Post-Unification Developments Following the reunification of Germany in 1990, the paper discusses the ongoing challenges that housing cooperatives face in the current socio-economic climate. The authors argue that despite numerous crises, these cooperatives have shown remarkable resilience, continuously adapting to meet the housing needs of their members. This resilience is rooted in the core cooperative values of self-help and mutual support. ### 🔑 Lessons for Europe The authors conclude that the experiences of German housing cooperatives provide valuable lessons for other European nations. They advocate for the establishment of cooperative frameworks that prioritize core values, which are essential for fostering resilience in the face of housing crises. With Germany currently grappling with a significant housing crisis, the role of cooperatives is increasingly pertinent in promoting sustainable housing solutions across Europe. | |
Daisy Charlesworth & Mika Hyötyläinen | International Journal of Housing Policy | Research Paper | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Publication The article "Housing cooperatives and the contradictions of Finnish land and housing policies" was published in the International Journal of Housing Policy, which focuses on housing research and policy within various contexts. The authors, Daisy Charlesworth and Mika Hyötyläinen, explore the challenges faced by housing cooperatives in Finland amidst rising housing unaffordability and a shrinking social housing sector. 📉 Key Challenges Identified The paper investigates institutional challenges that hinder the development of a new social housing cooperative model in Finland. Despite a resurgence of interest in housing cooperatives as affordable alternatives, the authors identify three overarching ambiguities in Finnish land and housing policy. These challenges include the difficulty in categorizing cooperatives within existing social housing frameworks, skepticism from authorities regarding their long-term affordability, and the refusal of the City of Helsinki to lease land under market rent to these cooperatives. 🔍 Pilot Projects and Research Methodology The study is based on a document analysis and interviews with stakeholders involved in three Finnish housing cooperatives participating in a state-subsidized pilot project initiated in 2016. The pilot aimed to address the housing needs of those who do not qualify for social rental housing but struggle to afford market rents. By 2025, approximately 50 housing cooperative projects were operational in Finland. The research highlights the complexities faced by these cooperatives in navigating the regulatory landscape to secure land and funding. 🧱 Institutional Tensions Three key institutional tensions were identified: 1. Not ‘Social’ Enough: Despite their potential for affordability, cooperatives struggle to meet the criteria for social housing defined by public authorities. 2. Not ‘Long-Term’ Enough: The cooperatives are required to maintain cost-based rents only during the loan liability period, leading to uncertainties about long-term affordability. 3. Not ‘Lucrative’ Enough: The City of Helsinki’s land policies prioritize market-driven approaches, making it challenging for cooperatives to access affordable land necessary for their projects. 🌍 Conclusion and Future Research Directions The findings suggest that ambiguities in national and local policies contribute to the slow development of housing cooperatives in Finland. The authors call for further research into how these tensions are navigated across different housing contexts in Europe, emphasizing the need for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between housing cooperatives and state policies. | |
Prof. Dr. Theresia Theurl | ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft | Article | 2024 | 🏠 Context and Background The article "Housing Cooperatives in Challenging Times" was published in the journal Wirtschaftsdienst, which focuses on economic and social issues. Authored by Prof. Dr. Theresia Theurl, director of the Institute for Cooperative Studies at the University of Münster, the piece examines the critical challenges facing housing cooperatives in Germany and their implications for sustainable housing amidst current economic and energy crises. ⚠️ Current Challenges Housing cooperatives are facing existential challenges due to a convergence of long-term trends and recent crises. The energy supply crisis has heightened the urgency for immediate action from policymakers, providers, and housing demanders. Regulatory and bureaucratic hurdles complicate necessary investments in new construction and existing housing stock. These cooperatives, while structurally different from other housing providers, share the same pressures, leading to similar responses to the ongoing crises. 📈 Long-Term Strategies Historically, housing cooperatives have pursued long-term strategies that include restructuring housing stock and adapting living spaces to demographic changes, alongside leveraging experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic. Key initiatives have included digitalizing value creation processes to save energy and responding to the government's call for an increase in affordable housing, with a target of 400,000 new units annually. However, obstacles such as rising construction costs, lengthy approval processes, and high standards for building projects have hindered these goals. 💡 Crisis Management As the economic environment deteriorated, housing cooperatives shifted their focus from ambitious long-term projects to crisis management. Increased financing costs, high inflation rates, and reduced funding for construction and renovations have strained their operations. Many cooperatives have been forced to prioritize supply security over necessary investments, leading to liquidity issues and delays or cancellations of new construction and renovation projects. 🌍 Commitment to Affordable Housing Approximately 2,000 housing cooperatives in Germany play a vital role in providing affordable and secure housing, housing nearly 5 million residents. Their rental prices are generally lower than those of other housing providers, with lower vacancy and turnover rates. Cooperatives are expected to create value for their members, ensuring long-term benefits, unlike private landlords driven by profit. 🔑 The Way Forward The article highlights the importance of stable investment conditions and the need for political measures that support housing cooperatives in meeting climate goals while providing affordable housing. It emphasizes the role of cooperatives in fostering sustainable practices and their potential to contribute significantly to CO2 reduction in the housing sector. | |
Michel Briene, Robert Kievit, Erik van Ossenbruggen & others | Ecorys | Study / Report / HandbookResearch Paper | 2021 | The report titled European Research on Housing Cooperatives was published on June 1, 2021, by ECORYS, a research and consultancy company known for its in-depth analysis in various fields, including housing and urban development. Commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, specifically the Housing Market Directorate, the study was authored by Michel Briene, Robert Kievit, Erik van Ossenbruggen, Rixt Bos, and Frank de Gouw. The research aimed to explore the potential of housing cooperatives in the Netherlands, where such initiatives have been limited since the revised Housing Act was introduced in 2015. 🌍 Context and Objectives This research was prompted by the complexities and financial challenges faced in establishing housing cooperatives in the Netherlands. The Dutch government sought insights from countries like Denmark, Germany, Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland, where housing cooperatives have been more successfully integrated into the housing system. 🏡 Key Findings The report highlights significant differences in the development and role of housing cooperatives across Europe. In Denmark and Sweden, cooperatives are often part of the broader housing system, offering ownership-like rights without full property ownership. Conversely, Germany and Austria focus more on traditional rental models with high member involvement. Switzerland has a well-established cooperative sector that contributes significantly to affordable housing. 📊 Market Share Housing cooperatives have varying market shares in these countries. They play a substantial role in urban areas of Denmark and Sweden, while in Germany and Austria, they represent a smaller yet significant market portion. The Swiss cooperative sector is notable for its strong contribution to affordable housing solutions. 👥 Target Groups Cooperatives tend to serve lower to middle-income groups but adapt to local needs and regulatory environments. Most operate as associations with democratic governance structures, allowing members to influence management decisions. 📜 Legal Frameworks The legal frameworks supporting cooperative housing vary across countries, often providing tax benefits or subsidies to encourage development. Financing methods typically include member contributions, government subsidies, and loans from cooperative-friendly institutions. 🇳🇱 Applicability to the Netherlands The report suggests that housing cooperatives are unlikely to have an immediate significant impact on the Dutch housing market due to existing housing corporations. However, they could address specific local needs or community projects. Recommendations include enhancing legal frameworks and exploring financial instruments to support cooperative growth. 🔧 Instruments for Stimulation Several adaptive instruments for stimulating cooperatives in the Netherlands are identified, such as financial incentives, legal reforms to simplify cooperative formation, and knowledge-sharing platforms for best practices. 📈 Conclusion While direct applicability of foreign models is limited due to structural differences, the report concludes there are valuable lessons and practices from other countries that could enhance the role of cooperatives in the Dutch housing market. | |
Vanesa Valiño & others | Housing Europe | Study / Report / Handbook | 2025 | This comprehensive report, published in 2025 by Housing Europe, explores the role of housing cooperatives in addressing the growing affordability challenges across Europe. The report follows up on the 2012 publication "Profiles of a Movement: Co-operative Housings Around the World," which was created for the United Nations International Year of Cooperatives. It brings together insights from Housing Europe members and partners across 12 countries, highlighting the potential of cooperatives as a sustainable solution for low and middle-income groups. 🌍 Context and Purpose The report emerges amid escalating housing affordability issues, where decent housing access is increasingly challenging. Housing cooperatives, with their democratic governance and non-speculative housing principles, are presented as key players in the resolution of this crisis. 📊 Key Findings: Traditional Cooperative Models Housing cooperatives manage approximately 7.9 million housing units across the EU and EFTA countries. The Housing Europe network comprises over 22,000 cooperatives, with Germany leading at over 2.2 million rental units. Sweden and Norway manage 1.1 million and 370,000 homes respectively, while Austria's 97 cooperatives oversee 460,000 homes, accounting for about 10% of households. In Switzerland, cooperatives represent 4.3% of total housing stock, rising to 20% in major cities like Zurich. 🏗️ Diverse Models and Approaches Cooperative tenure models vary, with some focusing on rental (like in Germany and Switzerland) and others emphasizing ownership (as seen in Sweden, Norway, Spain, and Italy). French HLM cooperatives have constructed over 400,000 units. The report notes the emergence of cooperatives in Poland and Estonia from state housing privatization post-communism. Austrian cooperatives operate on a cost-recovery basis, reinvesting surpluses into new affordable housing initiatives. ⚠️ Current Challenges Despite their potential, cooperatives face significant challenges, including rising construction costs, energy transition requirements, and diminished public support compared to post-WWII periods. Housing affordability pressures are particularly acute for young people and low-income households, compounded by regulatory frameworks that favor private development. 🚀 Key Findings: Emerging Cooperative Initiatives Innovative models such as right-of-use cooperatives in Barcelona and Community Land Trusts in Brussels are gaining traction, emphasizing community building and sustainability. Success factors for these initiatives include municipal support, financial innovations, and strong community engagement. 💡 Recommendations for European Support The report suggests that European institutions can aid housing cooperatives through access to low-interest financing, support for sustainable renovation, and recognition of cooperative models within the social economy. It advocates for regulatory frameworks that facilitate affordable housing. 🏡 Conclusion In conclusion, housing cooperatives are positioned to tackle housing affordability, climate change, and social cohesion challenges. The report calls for a vision of housing that embraces diverse forms, with cooperatives as integral to the social economy, ensuring dignified, sustainable, and affordable housing for all citizens. | |
Austrian Federal Chamber of Labour | Austrian Federal Chamber of Labour | Article | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Publisher This document addresses the housing crisis in Europe, highlighting the urgent need for effective solutions from the European Union (EU). Published by the Austrian Federal Chamber of Labour, it emphasizes the growing concerns regarding housing affordability and accessibility, especially in light of recent inflation crises. 📉 Current Housing Crisis The rising costs of rents and property prices have severely impacted many European citizens, with wages failing to keep pace. The Eurobarometer survey indicates that increasing living costs influenced voter priorities in the 2024 European elections. The EU has recognized housing as a critical policy area, appointing Dan Jørgensen as the new EU Commissioner for Energy and Housing to address these challenges. 💡 EU Plans for Affordable Housing The EU's response includes the first European plan for affordable housing, which focuses on investments in sustainable housing. A pan-European investment platform is proposed to attract both public and private investments. Additionally, the EU aims to double cohesion funding for affordable housing and relax state aid rules to enable higher public investment in housing projects. However, concerns remain about how Member States will fund these initiatives given restrictive EU fiscal regulations. 🏗️ Challenges in the Construction Sector The construction industry presents significant challenges due to a labor shortage, which is exacerbated by a reliance on precarious labor models. To revitalize this sector, the document calls for improved job quality, collective bargaining, and transparent procurement processes that prioritize social and environmental considerations over cost. 🤝 Trade Union Perspectives The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) has highlighted that the financialization of the housing market is a primary cause of the crisis, advocating for more robust state intervention and investment in public housing. The ETUC's resolution emphasizes that affordable and quality housing is essential for all, especially vulnerable populations. 🏚️ Addressing Homelessness The issue of homelessness is becoming increasingly pressing, with over one million people affected across Europe, including 400,000 children. The document advocates for a holistic approach to combat homelessness, emphasizing the "Housing First" strategy, which prioritizes securing stable housing as a foundational step. 🌍 Future Measures To combat the housing crisis, a revival of public and social housing is deemed necessary. The document encourages the sharing of best practices among Member States and suggests that models, such as Austria's non-profit housing system, could serve as examples. The establishment of the Special Committee on Housing in the European Parliament aims to assess Member States' housing policies and propose reforms to tackle property speculation and ensure affordable housing for all. | |
Lina Sasse / Hannah Talita Berz | European Parliament | Study / Report / Handbook | 2025 | 🏠 Context of the Housing Crisis The document discusses the ongoing housing crisis in the European Union (EU), highlighting that approximately 10% of EU households allocate over 40% of their income to housing. Published by the European Parliament in 2025, this comprehensive report outlines the EU's legislative framework, objectives, and recent initiatives aimed at addressing the growing challenge of housing affordability and quality across member states. 📜 Legal Framework and Objectives The EU's approach to housing is anchored in several treaties, including Article 3(3) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and various articles of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). These legal bases emphasize economic, social, and territorial cohesion, combatting social exclusion, and promoting quality of life. The European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR) established principles that recognize the right to housing and assistance for the homeless, although it is not legally binding. The action plan for the EPSR aims to eradicate homelessness by 2030 and reduce poverty in the EU by at least 15 million people. 🌍 Achievements and Initiatives Significant initiatives include the Renovation Wave strategy, launched as part of the European Green Deal, which aims to improve energy efficiency in buildings responsible for 40% of the EU's energy consumption. The strategy sets ambitious targets to double the rate of energy renovations by 2030, ensuring that all households, particularly vulnerable groups, have access to safe and healthy housing. The New European Bauhaus initiative complements this by promoting sustainable and inclusive living environments. 💡 Political Guidelines The European Parliament has taken proactive steps to address the housing crisis. In July 2024, the Commission presented Political Guidelines for 2024-2029, which include the appointment of a Commissioner specifically for housing. This role is expected to facilitate the development of the first-ever European Affordable Housing Plan, aiming to enhance financing opportunities for sustainable housing throughout Europe. The recommendations from the newly established Special Committee on the Housing Crisis will be instrumental in shaping future policies. 📊 Funding and Support The European Investment Bank and the Commission have laid the groundwork for a pan-European investment platform to support affordable housing projects. Furthermore, the Social Climate Fund is expected to provide crucial assistance to the housing sector. The ongoing revision of State aid rules will allow for increased support in areas such as affordability and energy efficiency, which are vital for tackling the current housing crisis effectively. In summary, the report underscores the EU’s commitment to addressing the housing crisis through legal frameworks, strategic initiatives, and collaborative efforts to ensure decent, affordable, and sustainable housing for all citizens. | |
Jeffrey Sommers, Daniel Pop, Cosmin Marian & others | Social Europe | ArticleStudy / Report / HandbookPolicy Brief | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Overview This article, published by Social Europe and authored by Jeffrey Sommers, Daniel Pop, and Cosmin Marian, discusses the housing crisis threatening political stability in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The publication highlights how the transition from communism has led to economic growth, yet a significant shift towards right-wing politics has emerged, attributed largely to the deepening housing crisis. 📉 Housing Ownership vs. Scarcity Despite CEE countries boasting some of the highest home ownership rates in Europe—exceeding 80% and reaching 96% in Romania—the article reveals a troubling imbalance. While ample housing exists in less economically vibrant regions, urban centers with robust job opportunities face exorbitant housing prices and a lack of available homes. For instance, cities like Cluj-Napoca in Romania have housing prices per square meter that surpass those in Athens and other major European cities, frustrating locals who wish to find employment without relocating to unaffordable areas. 💼 Economic and Political Implications The article illustrates the economic struggles faced by the working and middle classes in CEE, who often resort to low-quality work abroad. The rise of populist political figures, such as Calin Georgescu in Romania, highlights widespread anxieties regarding the cost of living, showing a direct link between housing affordability and political sentiments. 🏗️ Proposed Solutions To address the housing crisis, the authors suggest the expansion of public development banks to provide affordable housing loans and the establishment of public or public-private construction programs aimed at creating social housing. These initiatives would serve the working and middle classes and require meticulous planning to ensure quality of life improvements, including access to transportation, childcare, and education. 🔑 Conclusion The article calls for a return to mid-20th century levels of public sector involvement in housing to restore social stability and economic growth. The authors warn that without addressing these housing issues, CEE countries may continue to experience the rise of right-wing populist movements, which could further destabilize the region. | |
Sabina Maslova | Informa UK Limited | Research Paper | 2021 | 🏠 Context and Overview The article titled "Housing for highly mobile transnational professionals: evolving forms of housing practices in Moscow and London" was authored by Sabina Maslova and published in the journal Mobilities, which focuses on the dynamics of mobility and migration. The research examines how contemporary housing markets in major global cities inadequately address the needs of mobile populations, specifically targeting middle-income, high-skilled transnational professionals. 🌍 Housing Challenges for Transnational Professionals The study, based on 65 semi-structured interviews with migrants from Western countries residing in Moscow and London, reveals that traditional housing forms are predominantly designed for settled individuals, leaving the needs of mobile professionals largely unaddressed. Key factors influencing their housing demands include economic flexibility, temporal limitations due to job-related mobility, and a desire for comfort and community, despite their transient lifestyles. 💡 Economic Flexibility and Sharing Options Transnational professionals often prefer shared housing arrangements as a cost-effective solution to high living expenses. In Moscow, younger migrants typically engage in house-sharing to afford central locations, whereas in London, even older professionals are opting for similar arrangements to mitigate the financial burden of expensive rents. ⏰ Temporal Limitations on Housing Choices Job-related mobility imposes unique temporal constraints on housing arrangements. Many respondents indicated a need for flexible rental agreements that accommodate shorter stays, as their professional roles often require them to travel frequently. This has led to an increase in subletting and informal housing arrangements, particularly in London, where such practices are more prevalent. 🏡 Requirements for Quality and Comfort Despite their mobility, high-skilled migrants express a strong desire for quality housing that meets certain functional and aesthetic standards. The need for comfortable living spaces with access to amenities is a recurring theme, highlighting the importance of both physical comfort and a sense of community in temporary living situations. 📈 Conclusion Maslova's research sheds light on the evolving housing practices of highly mobile transnational professionals, emphasizing the necessity for more adaptable and flexible housing solutions in urban environments. This study calls for further exploration into how housing markets can better serve this growing demographic, particularly in light of the ongoing global shifts in work and mobility. | |
Tim White and David Madden | Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space | Research Paper | 2024 | 🏙️ Context and Publication The article titled "Housing ideology and urban residential change: The rise of co-living in the financialized city" is published in Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. Authored by Tim White and David Madden, the piece explores the concept of housing ideology and its role in shaping contemporary urban living arrangements, particularly through the lens of co-living. 🏠 Emergence of Co-living Co-living is defined as privately operated, for-profit multiple occupancy rental housing. The rise of this model is linked to significant changes in housing systems across Europe and North America, where owner-occupation is declining, and private renting is becoming more prevalent. The article identifies four key ideological elements that bolster co-living: corporate futurism, technocratic urbanism, market populism, and curated collectivism. 💡 Investment and Growth The co-living sector has seen substantial investment, with global funding increasing by over 210% annually from 2015, reaching more than $3.2 billion. By 2020, there were approximately 7,820 co-living beds in the US, with over 54,000 planned. In the UK, the operational and future pipeline is estimated at around 24,000 units. This growth is attributed to the preferences of younger generations, particularly millennials, who are increasingly disillusioned with traditional homeownership models. 🌍 Ideological Implications The article argues that while co-living positions itself as a solution to contemporary housing crises, it ultimately reinforces existing inequalities. It presents a vision of urban living that emphasizes flexibility and community, yet it often fails to challenge the underlying financialization and commodification of housing. Co-living is marketed as a progressive alternative, but its practices may perpetuate the precarity associated with rental arrangements. 🤝 Community and Connection Promoters of co-living often emphasize community and social interactions as core benefits of their offerings. However, the reality is that these communal aspects are highly managed and designed primarily for affluent renters. The marketing strategies employed aim to destigmatize multiple-occupancy living by framing it as a desirable lifestyle choice, distinguishing it from less favorable housing types. 🔍 Conclusion The authors conclude that understanding the ideology behind co-living is crucial for critically assessing its place within housing systems. As co-living expands, the narratives it promotes may influence how society views housing, potentially shaping future residential ideologies. | |
Matsuo Bashō | Eurostat | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | Housing in Europe – 2024 edition, published by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union, examines significant variations in housing conditions across Europe. The report highlights how differing levels of ownership, rental status, and housing quality impact residents' lives, particularly in the context of sustainable living. 🏠 How We Live As of 2023, ownership dominates the housing landscape in the EU, with 69% of the population owning their homes. Notably, Romania leads with 96% homeownership, while Germany shows a contrasting trend, with 52% of residents renting. The report also reveals that 51.7% of the EU population resides in houses, with Ireland having the highest proportion (90%) living in houses, compared to Spain, where flats are more common (66%). 📏 Size and Quality of Housing On average, there are 1.6 rooms per person in the EU, with Luxembourg and Malta recording the most spacious housing at 2.2 rooms per person. Around 17% of the EU population lives in overcrowded homes, with Latvia and Romania having the highest rates. Conversely, 33.3% of individuals live in under-occupied homes, which is particularly common in Cyprus and Malta. Notably, 10.6% of the population cannot afford to keep their homes adequately warm, with Spain and Portugal facing the most significant challenges. 🌍 Environmental Impact The report emphasizes the environmental consequences of housing, noting that in 2022, greenhouse gas emissions from households reached an average of 647 kg per capita in the EU, a decrease from 920 kg in 2010. Furthermore, 25.5% of EU residents lived in homes where energy efficiency had improved in the past five years, particularly in the Netherlands and Estonia. 💰 Housing Costs Housing costs are a pressing issue, with EU households spending an average of 19.7% of their disposable income on housing in 2023. House prices increased by 48% between 2010 and 2023, with the highest rises in Estonia and Hungary. Additionally, rents rose by 22% in the same period. The report indicates that 10.6% of the population in cities faces housing cost overburden, particularly pronounced in Greece and Denmark. 🏗️ Construction Trends Investment in housing accounted for 5.8% of GDP in 2023, varying widely across countries. While building permits granted decreased by 20% in 2022, the overall number of permits has seen an increase since 2010. The publication aims to provide comprehensive insights into the housing situation in Europe, reflecting broader economic and social trends post-COVID-19 and following geopolitical events. | |
Jonathan Sidenros | Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin | Research Paper | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Purpose The working paper titled "Housing in the EU: The EU as a Commodifying Force," authored by Jonathan Sidenros and published by the Berlin Institute for International Political Economy in collaboration with the Berlin School of Economics and Law, explores the European Union’s influence on housing policies across its member states. This research emphasizes the pressing European housing crisis, marked by rising rents and property prices, which have surged by 19% and 47% respectively between 2010 and 2022, significantly outpacing wage growth. 📈 Key Findings The paper highlights that the EU has contributed to the commodification of housing through multiple channels such as mortgage market liberalization, fiscal regulations, and competition law. Notably, the European Parliament reported a staggering 70% increase in homelessness over the past decade, affecting more than 700,000 individuals. Additionally, the EU's commitment to housing as a human right appears to conflict with its actions that prioritize market integration and the financialization of housing. 🔍 Theoretical Framework Utilizing Aalbers’ theory of housing financialization, the paper identifies four distinct modes of financialization: mortgage debt, mortgage securitization, financialization of rental housing, and financialization of social housing companies. This framework illustrates how the EU has fostered housing commodification, leading to a hierarchical struggle between the single market and local housing administration, where EU law often dominates through negative integration. 📊 Consequences of Policy Changes The findings indicate that housing is increasingly viewed as a financial asset rather than a social good, resulting in a decline of public social housing. The paper notes that between 2010 and 2022, the average rent increases have led to higher housing cost burdens, exacerbated by energy inflation and rising living costs. The study also mentions the EU's Urban Agenda introduced in 2017, which aims to combat housing exclusion, yet there are concerns regarding its effectiveness due to the absence of legal competence in housing matters. 🌍 Implications for Sustainable Housing As the EU continues to navigate its role in housing, the study argues for the necessity of a de-commodifying housing policy. With housing identified as integral to social reproduction and human life, the paper calls for a reevaluation of EU policies that impact housing, urging a shift from financialization towards sustainable housing practices that prioritize social inclusion. This research is crucial for stakeholders interested in addressing the challenges of sustainable housing within the European context. | |
Richard Lang & Michela Giovannini | Euricse | Article | 2025 | 📅 Context and Overview The working paper titled "Housing Needs and Cooperative Housing Models: A Scoping Review" was created by Richard Lang and Michela Giovannini as part of a project supported by the Autonomous Province of Trento. The paper addresses the growing affordability crisis in Europe and the renewed interest in cooperative housing as a sustainable alternative to conventional housing. It highlights traditional and emerging cooperative models across Europe, emphasizing their potential to address affordability and resident needs. 🏘️ Cooperative Housing Models The review identifies various cooperative housing models, including traditional ownership and rental cooperatives, which have successfully provided affordable housing in different European contexts. Newer models are emerging to meet evolving resident preferences related to community engagement, social inclusion, and sustainable development. These models emphasize democratic governance and collective ownership, offering alternatives to profit-driven housing solutions. 📈 Research Findings The review maps existing research on cooperative housing, revealing key themes, trends, and gaps. It highlights the importance of innovative financing, partnerships with municipalities, and non-speculative land use in sustaining cooperative models. Despite their promise, cooperatives face challenges related to inclusivity, financial stability, and resident participation. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at scaling cooperative housing while preserving its core values of social justice and democratic governance. 🌍 Addressing Housing Affordability The paper discusses the complex housing challenges in European societies, including rising property prices, limited housing supply, and stagnating wages, which have made affordable housing increasingly unattainable for many residents. It argues that cooperative housing offers a framework for empowering residents and promoting social cohesion while addressing affordability. The study also highlights the evolving demographic landscape, noting that housing cooperatives are increasingly relevant for middle-class residents affected by rising property costs. 🔑 Key Contributions and Future Research The paper underscores the multifaceted benefits of cooperative housing beyond affordability, such as enhancing democratic governance and fostering social inclusion. It calls for future research to focus on innovative cooperative models that can effectively address housing affordability challenges while ensuring inclusivity for vulnerable populations. The findings stress the need for long-term policy support to grow cooperative housing initiatives, emphasizing collaboration with municipalities and various partner organizations to secure and expand access to sustainable housing solutions. | |
Rolf Müller, Jonathan Franke, Dr. Max-Christopher Krapp & others. | Germany’s federal institute BBSR | Study / Report / Handbook | 2022 | The document titled "Housing Policies in the EU" was published in April 2022 by Germany's Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR) within the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (BBR). This research is part of the "Experimental Housing and Urban Development (ExWoSt)" program, initiated during Germany's EU Council Presidency in 2020. The project was managed by Rolf Müller and Jonathan Franke from BBSR, with contributions from the Institute for Housing and the Environment (IWU) in Darmstadt and the Technical University Darmstadt's Institute of Political Science. Key authors include Dr. Max-Christopher Krapp, Martin Vaché, Prof. Dr. Björn Egner, Prof. Dr. Kai Schulze, and Samantha Thomas. 🌍 Contextual Overview The study offers a comprehensive analysis of housing policies across EU member states, addressing the myriad challenges posed by climate change, energy efficiency, urbanization, immigration, and demographic shifts. Its goal is to provide insights into the diverse housing supply systems and policy frameworks within the EU, identifying how these factors interact and influence housing conditions. 🏘️ Diverse Housing Systems The research reveals significant diversity in housing supply systems among EU member states, ranging from balanced markets with a mix of owner-occupied and rental properties to those predominantly featuring owner-occupied housing. This variation is crucial for understanding the housing landscape across Europe. 📜 Policy Structures National housing policies are shaped by historical developments, socio-political contexts, market structures, and legal frameworks. The study emphasizes that while solutions to housing challenges must be crafted at the national level, there is considerable benefit in fostering international dialogue and learning from best practices. ⚖️ Governance Variability The governance of housing policies differs markedly across countries, with responsibilities allocated variously among national, regional, and local authorities. This discrepancy can impact the effectiveness and responsiveness of housing policies. 📉 Impact of Financial Crisis The 2008 financial crisis had diverse effects on housing markets throughout member states, impacting lending practices and housing demand due to immigration, as well as construction industry capacities. 🏠 Common Challenges The report highlights common challenges, including rising prices and rents in urban areas, a shortage of social or subsidized housing, and issues related to energy poverty. 📈 Tenure Dynamics An observable trend is the increasing demand for rental properties in urbanized areas, driven by urbanization and labor mobility, which may lead to a convergence of tenure types across the EU. This report underscores the necessity of understanding national contexts while promoting international cooperation to tackle shared housing policy challenges across Europe. | |
Dr. Max-Christopher Krapp, Martin Vaché, Prof. Dr. Björn Egner & others | Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR) | Article | 2022 | ## 📄 Context and Authors The report "Housing Policies in the EU" was published in April 2022 by the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR), on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Housing, Urban Development and Building (BMWSB). This publication is part of the research program "Experimental Housing and Urban Development (ExWoSt)" and involves contributions from researchers at the Institute for Housing and the Environment (IWU) and the Institute of Political Science at TU Darmstadt. Key authors include Dr. Max-Christopher Krapp, Martin Vaché, Prof. Dr. Björn Egner, Prof. Dr. Kai Schulze, and Samantha Thomas. ## 🏘️ Diversity in Housing Systems The report emphasizes the diversity of housing systems across EU member states, identifying four main groups based on their housing provision systems. These include Diversified Systems, which balance rental and owner-occupied markets; Two-Tier Systems, characterized by predominantly owner-occupied housing with a smaller rental market; Owner-Dominated Systems, which focus heavily on owner-occupation with minimal public rental options; and Post-Communist Transformation Countries, where privatization has led to limited formal rental supply and notable informal letting. ## 💼 Policy Instruments Common policy instruments across the EU include housing allowances, subsidies for homeowners, and subsidized housing initiatives. Rent regulation is more common in Western EU countries, with a significant emphasis on promoting homeownership through various subsidies. ## ⚠️ Challenges and Drivers The report identifies key challenges such as rising prices and rents in urban areas, a lack of social housing, and energy poverty. Influencing factors in housing policy decisions include energy efficiency, urbanization, immigration, and demographic shifts. ## 📉 Financial Crisis Impact The 2008 financial crisis had varying impacts on EU housing markets. Some countries experienced severe recessions due to interconnectedness between housing, finance, and the economy, while others faced primarily supply shortages and affordability issues. ## 🇪🇺 EU Impact and Governance The report discusses the EU's influence on national housing policies, especially regarding energy efficiency and social housing, although a comprehensive EU-wide housing policy remains absent. Governance structures differ significantly across member states, and there is no clear correlation between governance type and housing policy outcomes, reflecting a varied willingness to reform housing policies. ## 🌍 Conclusion This study offers an extensive overview of EU housing policies, emphasizing the necessity for tailored solutions to address the unique challenges faced by different nations. It advocates for a "learning from abroad" approach to encourage international dialogue and policy exchange, with shared themes like energy efficiency and urbanization shaping housing policies throughout the EU. | |
Aitor Hernández-Morales, Jacopo Barigazzi, Barbara Moens & others | Politico | Article | 2024 | 📰 Context This article, published by Politico, addresses the growing housing crisis in Europe and its implications for the rise of far-right political movements. Authors Aitor Hernández-Morales, Jacopo Barigazzi, Barbara Moens, and Giovanna Coi explore how the lack of affordable housing is fueling social unrest and how mainstream political parties are responding to this issue. 🏠 Housing Crisis in Europe Over the past decade, average rents in Europe have increased by 19%, while house prices have surged by 47%. In cities like Dublin, the situation has become particularly dire, with rental prices more than doubling since 2013. The article highlights the experience of Tomas Santillan, a florist in Dublin, who struggles to find affordable accommodation amid high demand and low supply. The growing dissatisfaction with housing has led to protests in cities like Lisbon, Amsterdam, and Milan, where far-right groups are capitalizing on public discontent. 📈 Political Responses In light of the housing crisis, EU political parties are seeking to reclaim the narrative around housing as a key issue. They believe addressing housing will help mobilize moderate, middle-class voters and counteract the influence of right-wing and Euroskeptic parties. Nicolas Schmit, European jobs and social rights commissioner, emphasizes the need for EU involvement in solving the housing crisis. Politicians are increasingly recognizing that social inequality and the lack of affordable housing are central concerns for citizens. 🔍 Mismanagement and Solutions The article argues that mismanagement, rather than immigration, is at the root of the housing crisis. Sorcha Edwards, secretary-general of Housing Europe, asserts that the shortage of housing is due to a decades-long failure by public authorities to build new homes. As a solution, the authors call for the establishment of an EU task force on housing, coordinated by a Commission vice-president, to address the crisis at the European level. 💰 Call for Investment Mainstream political parties are advocating for significant funding to tackle the housing crisis, similar to the EU’s Next Generation EU economic recovery package. They stress that addressing housing is essential for meeting broader climate goals and ensuring social equity, as many citizens are postponing life events due to housing insecurity. The article concludes with a call for the EU to take decisive action in reshaping housing policies and ensuring that no one is left behind amid the ongoing crisis. | |
Emila Smith | Bio Friendly Planet | Article | 2025 | 🌍 Context and Publisher Information The article, "How Housing Cooperatives Can Work to Fight Climate Change," was published by Bio Friendly Planet on January 28, 2025. Bio Friendly Planet focuses on environmental awareness and sustainable living practices. The piece emphasizes the proactive role housing cooperatives in the United States are taking to mitigate climate change through various eco-friendly solutions. 🏘️ Housing Cooperatives and Climate Change In the U.S., over 1.5 million people reside in housing cooperatives, which are actively addressing climate change by adopting sustainable practices. These communities illustrate how collective efforts can lead to significant environmental benefits. The article outlines the critical need for energy-efficient solutions in real estate, which is responsible for approximately 39% of total global emissions, second only to the oil and gas industry. 💡 Green Solutions The text highlights several strategies for improving energy efficiency, including the installation of low-carbon heating and cooling systems, the use of energy-efficient home appliances, and the transition to LED lighting. Notably, the article discusses the adoption of renewable energy sources, particularly solar panels, which are becoming increasingly prevalent in U.S. housing cooperatives. Solar energy accounts for about 3.4% of electricity generation in the U.S., reflecting a growing trend towards sustainability. 🌱 Examples of Impactful Cooperatives The article presents examples of successful housing cooperatives that have implemented climate-friendly solutions. The Raise-op Housing Cooperative in Lewiston, ME, has installed roof-mounted solar panels, generating approximately 50% of its energy needs. The Hillcrest Community Cooperative in Clarks Grove, MN, reduced its energy bills by 40% after adopting solar technology. Additionally, Riverton Community Housing in Minneapolis, MN, partnered with All Energy Solar to install 1,020 solar panels, offsetting 470,000 KWh of energy. 🌿 Conclusion The article concludes that through innovative and collaborative approaches, housing cooperatives can significantly reduce their environmental impact while enhancing community well-being. The examples provided illustrate the potential for collective action to inspire other communities toward sustainability, thereby contributing to the global fight against climate change. | |
Lior Steinberg, Dymphie Braun, Vince de Jong & others | Humankind | Study / Report / Handbook | 2021 | 🌍 Context and Background The document "How to Build a Better City in 2021" was published by A City Made By People, a collaborative initiative aimed at promoting urban development that prioritizes the needs of citizens. The authors include a diverse group of urban designers, activists, and thinkers who advocate for inclusive and sustainable urban environments. This resource was created in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted existing inequalities in urban settings and underscored the need for innovative solutions to improve city life. 🏙️ Rethinking Urban Spaces Cities need to transition from designs that prioritize technology and economic growth to those that foster happiness and inclusivity. The document emphasizes that a "smart city" is not defined solely by technological advancements but by its ability to be fair, inclusive, and inviting to all people. The pandemic provided an opportunity to reassess urban structures, revealing that many cities are not conducive to community well-being. 🚴♂️ Embracing Sustainable Mobility The authors argue for a significant shift in mobility habits, advocating for less reliance on private vehicles and more investment in cycling and walking infrastructure. They highlight that cities should prioritize active transportation, especially for vulnerable groups, including children and the elderly. The need for equitable access to transportation options is emphasized as a critical factor in creating sustainable urban environments. 🌱 Green Urban Initiatives The document calls for a focus on urban green spaces, including the creation of community gardens and parks to enhance biodiversity and promote social well-being. It notes that turning unused areas into green spaces can help manage stormwater and reduce urban heat, contributing to climate resilience. 🤝 Community Engagement It stresses the importance of community involvement in urban planning. Cities should empower residents to take part in decision-making processes, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility towards their neighborhoods. This approach is crucial for establishing long-term, sustainable urban development. 📊 Key Data and Insights The publication notes that cities are becoming increasingly diverse and that the call for change is being driven by these urban populations. It emphasizes the need for cities to develop integrated food policies, support local economies, and promote kindness and community connections as essential elements for urban resilience in 2021 and beyond. | |
Eoin Drea | Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies | Article | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Publication The article titled "How to Lose Friends and Alienate People: The Social and Political Consequences of Europe’s Housing Crisis" was created by Dr. Eoin Drea, a Senior Researcher at the Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies in Brussels, Belgium. The piece addresses the pressing issue of affordable housing in Europe and its broader implications on social and political landscapes, particularly concerning young people. 🏠 The Housing Crisis The lack of affordable housing is highlighted as a critical driver of political alienation, notably among younger generations. By 2025, an estimated 1.6 billion people globally will face housing shortages. In the U.S., the shortage of affordable housing units exceeds four million. This crisis is not confined to Europe; it is a global phenomenon impacting various developed nations, including Japan and Australia, where housing prices have surged beyond the reach of many citizens. 📉 Social Consequences for Young People The article outlines several dire social consequences arising from the housing crisis. Key issues include delayed independent living and family formation, with 22% of 18-to-44-year-olds in Britain reporting they postponed starting families due to housing costs. Mental health issues also exacerbate housing challenges, creating a cycle of insecurity. Young people increasingly believe they cannot achieve financial stability comparable to their parents, leading to a sense of hopelessness regarding social mobility. 📊 Political Ramifications The dissatisfaction stemming from housing insecurity has fueled a shift toward political extremes. In the Netherlands, for example, younger voters show increased support for far-right parties that link housing challenges to migration issues. This political shift reflects a broader trend across Europe, where young voters feel alienated from established political parties, attributing their dissatisfaction to the failure of current housing policies. 🚧 Proposed Solutions The article advocates for several immediate actions to address the housing crisis: 1. A significant increase in housing construction across all types, including affordable and social housing. 2. The strategic use of public funds to ensure diverse housing options for all demographics. 3. Fair taxation of existing housing wealth to tackle intergenerational inequalities and promote social mobility. In conclusion, the article emphasizes that without effective policy interventions, the ongoing housing crisis will continue to polarize political choices and further alienate younger generations in Europe. | |
Speaking: Irene Tinagli, Dan Jørgensen, Borja Giménez Larraz & others | European Parliament on YouTube | VideoArticleStudy / Report / Handbook | 2025 | 📅 Context The video titled "How to Solve Europe's Housing Crisis" was streamed live on March 24, 2025, by the European Parliament. It featured discussions on the pressing issue of rising housing prices and rents across Europe, highlighting the critical need for affordable housing solutions. The event was co-hosted by MEP Irene Tinagli and Dan Jørgensen, the European Commissioner for Energy and Housing, bringing together various stakeholders to address the challenges and potential measures to tackle the housing crisis. 🏘️ The Housing Crisis The housing crisis in Europe has become increasingly severe, with many citizens struggling to afford adequate housing. A report from 2023 indicated that approximately 1 in 10 Europeans spent over 40% of their disposable income on housing and related costs. The crisis affects not only low-income households but also essential workers like nurses, teachers, and firefighters, who are unable to secure affordable housing. Furthermore, around 400,000 children in Europe face homelessness, underscoring the urgency of the situation. 📈 Economic Implications High housing costs are not just a social issue; they pose a significant economic challenge as well. The lack of affordable housing limits labor mobility, especially for younger workers, and hampers local authorities' ability to attract and retain talent. The imbalance between housing demand and supply leads to rising prices, making homeownership increasingly unattainable for many, particularly in urban areas. 🛠️ Proposed Solutions The event emphasized the need for collaborative efforts between the European Parliament, the European Commission, and local authorities to address the housing crisis. Several tools have already been employed, such as the Recovery and Resilience Facility and EU funding for housing-related projects. However, there is a call for more effective allocation of these funds to reach communities in dire need. The European Investment Bank has also expanded financing options for sustainable and social housing projects. 💬 Stakeholder Engagement The event called for an inclusive dialogue involving various stakeholders, including local governments, housing providers, tenant associations, and citizens. The aim is to gather insights and best practices to develop a comprehensive affordable housing plan that meets the needs of all Europeans. The importance of understanding local circumstances and collaborating on innovative housing solutions was highlighted as crucial for effective action. 🌍 Conclusion The discussions showcased the pressing need for sustainable housing solutions in Europe and the importance of coordinated efforts at various levels of governance. With ongoing dialogues and proposed actions, there is potential for significant advancements in addressing the housing crisis and improving living conditions for millions of Europeans. | |
Speaking: Dan Jørgensen, Raffaele Fitto, Nicolina Brunjak & others | European Parliament on YouTube | VideoArticleStudy / Report / Handbook | 2025 | 🏛️ Context of the Discussion On March 3, 2025, the European Parliament hosted a live-streamed discussion featuring Dan Jørgensen, the first-ever European Commissioner for Energy and Housing, alongside Members of the European Parliament (MEPs). The meeting focused on addressing the ongoing housing crisis in Europe, which has escalated to a critical social and economic challenge affecting various demographics, including young people, families, and the elderly. The conversation aimed to align efforts within the EU to promote affordable and sustainable housing solutions through various initiatives. 📊 Key Statistics on Housing Crisis The discussion highlighted alarming statistics regarding the housing situation in Europe. Over the past 15 years, rents have increased by approximately 25% in real terms, while house prices have surged by nearly 50%. In 2023, around 10% of the EU population spent over 40% of their disposable income on housing-related costs. Additionally, it was reported that nearly 900,000 individuals experience homelessness in Europe on any given night, underscoring the urgency of the housing crisis. 🤝 Collaboration and Strategies The meeting emphasized the importance of collaboration among EU member states to address the housing crisis. Commissioner Jørgensen pointed out that housing is primarily the responsibility of member states, with regional and local authorities playing a crucial role. However, he argued that the EU can and should contribute to the solution. Various strategies were discussed, including the allocation of €21.3 billion from the Recovery and Resilience Facility for housing reforms and investments, as well as plans to double the cohesion policy investments in affordable housing. 🌍 Focus on Sustainability and Inclusivity The discussion also stressed the need to approach housing challenges from multiple perspectives, including sustainability and inclusivity. The link between housing and energy efficiency was highlighted, as improving housing conditions can help drive sustainability while addressing affordability. Jørgensen called for a comprehensive evaluation of existing EU instruments to ensure they effectively promote affordable housing solutions, particularly for vulnerable groups such as youth, people with disabilities, and low-income families. 🔄 Future Initiatives and Importance of Local Engagement Looking ahead, the European Commission plans to engage in outreach, consultation, and collaboration with various stakeholders, including local authorities and citizens. The importance of including youth voices in the policymaking process was noted, and Jørgensen expressed a commitment to fostering a cooperative environment between the European Commission and member states to tackle the housing crisis effectively. The conversation concluded with a call for concrete solutions and a sense of urgency to implement necessary reforms to address the housing challenges facing Europe today. | |
SPACE10 & Urgent.Agency | SPACE10 | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperArticle | 2018 | 🌍 Context and Publisher "IMAGINE - Exploring the Brave New World of Shared Living" is a publication created by SPACE10 and Urgent.Agency, aimed at rethinking urban living solutions in the context of rapidly growing cities and changing societal needs. SPACE10 is IKEA-funded and serves as a future living lab based in Copenhagen, focusing on innovative design responses to societal challenges. 🏙️ Urbanization and Population Growth The publication highlights the significant urbanization trend, predicting that the global urban population will increase from 4.2 billion in 2018 to nearly 7 billion by 2050, with nearly 70% of people expected to live in urban areas. This surge will pose immense challenges to housing, particularly regarding affordability and accessibility. 🏡 Shared Living as a Solution The authors argue that shared living could address various contemporary issues, including the lack of affordable housing, social isolation, and the need for sustainable living practices. While communal living has historical roots, the modern concept has gained traction in recent decades, particularly in northwestern Europe, Japan, and North America. 💡 Insights and Trends The publication discusses trends in shared living, emphasizing the benefits of communal spaces where residents can share resources and reduce living costs. It points out that shared living can foster a sense of community, reduce environmental impact, and offer innovative housing solutions amid rising costs. 🔍 Barriers and Challenges Despite the growing interest in shared living, significant barriers remain, including financing difficulties, regulatory challenges, and the need for innovative design. Current housing models often prioritize individual ownership over communal arrangements, limiting the potential for shared living initiatives to thrive. 🛠️ Future Directions To promote shared living, the publication suggests rethinking business models, mobilizing digital tools, and enhancing community capacity. It calls for collaboration among stakeholders, including developers, policymakers, and residents, to create supportive environments for shared living. In conclusion, "IMAGINE" serves as a catalyst for discussion and action surrounding shared living, providing insights into how this model can contribute to sustainable housing solutions in the face of urbanization and demographic change. | |
Hugo Bezombes | Into Europe on YouTube | Video | 2024 | 📅 Context This video titled "Immigration and Europe's Housing Crisis" was published by the channel Into Europe on June 17, 2024. It addresses the pressing issue of housing affordability in European cities, particularly for young people. The discussion is rooted in the complex interplay between demographics, immigration, and housing supply challenges. 🏙️ Housing Crisis Overview European cities are experiencing a surge in housing prices and rental costs, exacerbated by a significant shortage of available homes. This crisis is largely attributed to a demographic shift, where the post-World War II baby boomer generation has created a high demand for housing that has not been matched by supply in subsequent decades. As birth rates declined, government intervention in the housing market decreased, leading to a reliance on the private sector for housing construction. 🌍 Impact of Immigration Immigration has become a critical factor in this housing crisis, with immigrants often competing for the same limited housing resources as young Europeans. In France and the UK, 10% to 14% of the population is foreign-born, with numbers rising to 20% in Paris and 37% in London. Immigrants typically occupy lower-quality housing and are disproportionately represented in social housing, which has led to increased competition for affordable living spaces. 📉 Construction Challenges Despite the rising demand for housing, construction has not kept pace due to various challenges, including material shortages, regulatory barriers, and high interest rates. The war in Ukraine has further exacerbated these issues, driving up the costs of essential building materials like steel and cement. Bureaucratic hurdles in cities like Paris and Berlin have also delayed housing projects, making it difficult to meet the growing demand. 💡 Possible Solutions Potential solutions to mitigate the housing crisis include redeveloping social housing, enhancing the private housing market, and reducing construction costs through regulatory changes. For instance, the Dutch government has increased investment in social housing, while France's Loi Pinel has provided tax incentives for rental housing construction. However, these measures face political challenges and public resistance. 🔮 Looking Forward Experts predict that the housing crisis may persist until the demographic shift of the baby boomer generation transitions, potentially alleviating housing pressure in the 2040s and 50s. In the meantime, addressing the demand for housing through sustainable practices and policies remains crucial for European countries facing similar challenges. | |
Mei Tanaka & others | SEND e.V. | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy BriefOnline Portal | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Purpose The "Immpact Framework" was developed to assist entrepreneurs, particularly those focused on creating social and ecological impacts, navigate the complexities of managing and measuring their societal contributions. This framework is crucial for startups that aim to address fundamental social or ecological issues through their business models. The project is linked with SEND e.V. and PHINEO, which are organizations focused on social entrepreneurship and impact investing. 💡 Challenges Faced by Impact Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs face numerous challenges, including developing their business models, securing financing, and addressing legal considerations. Impact entrepreneurs specifically encounter the added difficulty of managing their societal and ecological effects. Often, they lack the financial, temporal, and technical resources needed to implement effective impact management processes early on. The complexity of available tools can also pose a significant barrier to their application. Establishing processes retroactively can be particularly challenging, making impact management and measurement essential for attracting impact investors. 📊 Target Audience The IMM maturity model primarily targets three groups: 1. Entrepreneurs who are starting or have already established an impact startup, which is defined as a for-profit or non-profit entity aiming to solve significant social or ecological problems. 2. Impact investors who provide funding to early-stage startups and are new to impact investing. 3. Ecosystem representatives, including advisory services and policymakers, who support impact entrepreneurs and seek to change the framework conditions. 📈 Framework Details The IMM maturity model serves as an orientation framework for impact management practices and processes across different developmental stages of an impact startup. It allows startups to identify their current stage of development and pinpoint gaps to address. It also helps impact investors understand what to expect from startups regarding impact management practices at various stages. The framework is based on recognized models, such as the IMP Five Dimensions, IOOI Logic, PHINEO's Impact Ladder, and SDG Impact Standards. 🛠️ Future Developments In the short to medium term, there are plans to make the IMMPACT model available as an online application for broader accessibility and to connect it with existing offerings. The project is accompanied by a Sounding Board of IMM experts in Germany, who have provided initial feedback on the IMMPACT model. The model is designed specifically for the target groups mentioned, while also being adaptable for other sectors, such as non-profits and public entities. | |
Horst Wattenbach, Elif Timur | Council of Europe Development Bank | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | ## 🌍 Context and Overview The publication "Improving Energy Efficiency in Housing: Why Evaluation Matters" is part of the "Evaluation Perspectives" series produced by the Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB). The report is authored by Horst Wattenbach, a Senior Evaluator, and overseen by Elif Timur, Head of the CEB Office of Evaluation. It addresses the critical need for enhanced energy efficiency in housing, especially against the backdrop of the ongoing climate crisis and escalating energy costs. ## ⚡ Key Findings on Energy Efficiency The report emphasizes the urgent need to improve energy efficiency in residential buildings as a means to combat the climate crisis and mitigate energy poverty. Currently, over 50 million households across Europe are grappling with energy poverty exacerbated by energy shortages and rising prices. The findings reveal that only about 12% of the EU's residential building stock has undergone necessary renovations to meet climate goals, while a concerning 35% of these buildings hold poor energy performance ratings. This highlights the pressing need for deep renovation to achieve significant energy savings and alleviate the burden of energy poverty. ## 💰 Investment Requirements To reach high energy performance standards through deep renovation, substantial financial investment is required. The European Investment Bank estimates that approximately €1.1 trillion will be necessary for building rehabilitation to align with the EU's 2030 greenhouse gas reduction targets. This underlines the scale of financial commitment needed to modernize Europe’s housing infrastructure. ## 🌱 Benefits of Energy Efficiency Investments in energy efficiency come with numerous advantages. They lead to reduced energy bills, improved comfort within buildings, increased property values, and contributions to climate change mitigation. Additionally, the societal benefits include decreased air pollution, enhanced resource efficiency, and job creation. These factors illustrate the comprehensive advantages of pursuing energy efficiency in housing. ## 📊 The Role of Evaluation The publication highlights the critical role of evaluation in ensuring that investments in energy efficiency are cost-effective and yield the desired outcomes. It advocates for improved planning, selection, and monitoring of energy efficiency projects, aiming to maximize energy savings and the associated benefits. By focusing on these aspects, stakeholders can better address the challenges posed by energy inefficiency. In conclusion, the report serves as a vital resource for understanding the importance of energy efficiency in housing, the necessary investments, and the evaluation processes that can lead to successful outcomes in sustainable housing initiatives across Europe. | |
Carles Baiges, Mara Ferreri, Lorenzo Vidal & others | La Dinamo Fundació | Article | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Purpose This publication, titled "International Policies to Promote Cooperative Housing," was created as part of a larger project by La Dinamo Fundació and Lacol, aimed at enhancing cooperative housing within public policy systems in Catalonia. The authors, Carles Baiges, Mara Ferreri, and Lorenzo Vidal, collaborated with various researchers from different countries to analyze the legal frameworks and public policies that support cooperative housing as an affordable and sustainable alternative to speculative real estate practices. 🌍 Comparative Analysis The study presents a comprehensive international review of the legal tools and public policies utilized by various governments to promote housing cooperativism. It identifies opportunities for public policy interventions at different levels, from municipal to national, highlighting that successful cooperative housing initiatives often require a multi-level approach. The research focuses on the significance of policies that maintain affordability and prevent the commodification of housing, ensuring that cooperative models remain accessible to low-income populations. 📊 Key Findings The report emphasizes the diverse nature of cooperative housing across different countries, noting that models vary significantly in size, management styles, and historical trajectories. It provides examples from ten countries, including Denmark, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, and Quebec, illustrating how public support has led to the establishment and sustainability of cooperative housing initiatives. For instance, in Denmark, the Almen housing sector, which makes up about 20% of the national housing stock, showcases a successful model of public cooperation. 💰 Funding and Support Mechanisms Public funding mechanisms vary, with many countries providing direct subsidies, tax exemptions, and public guarantees to facilitate the establishment of cooperatives. For example, in Quebec, the Accès Logis Québec program subsidizes up to 50% of eligible project expenses, thereby promoting the development of affordable housing cooperatives. Similarly, in Austria, limited-profit housing associations are crucial for maintaining affordable housing production. 🔍 Challenges and Opportunities The publication also addresses the challenges faced by cooperative housing models, such as the need for comprehensive policy frameworks that respond to the specific needs of cooperatives. The authors argue that fostering intergovernmental collaboration and providing adequate financial support is vital for scaling up successful cooperative housing initiatives across Europe. The growing interest in cooperative housing models, particularly in urban areas, highlights the potential for these approaches to contribute to sustainable housing solutions. 📅 Conclusion In conclusion, this publication serves as an important resource for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners interested in cooperative housing and its role in promoting sustainable living. By providing a comparative analysis of successful policies and practices, it aims to inspire the integration of cooperative housing into broader public housing strategies across Europe. | |
The Shift | The Shift | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | ## 📜 Context The document titled "The Shift: Investor Guidelines - Aligning Residential Real Estate with Human Rights and Social Values" was published in October 2024 by The Shift, an organization dedicated to promoting housing rights. The guidelines aim to assist institutional investors in the residential real estate sector in aligning their investment strategies and business practices with human rights principles and the social value of housing. This initiative arises at a time when there is an increasing recognition of the necessity for human rights due diligence, particularly within the housing sector. ## 🏠 Housing Crisis and Investment The guidelines highlight the growing tension between viewing housing as a financial asset versus a place to live. The financialization of housing has led to adverse outcomes, such as rising rents, increased evictions, unnecessary renovations, and diminished services for residents. Moreover, the real estate sector is identified as a significant contributor to climate change, responsible for 37% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. ## ⚖️ Human Rights Standards The guidelines establish essential human rights standards for housing, which include: - Affordability: Housing costs should not impede access to other basic needs. - Accessibility: Housing must be available to diverse households. - Security: Tenants should be protected from arbitrary evictions. - Habitability: Properties must be in good repair, adequately sized, and offer protection from environmental elements. - Sustainability: Housing should be environmentally responsible. ## 📈 Key Recommendations for Investors The document outlines five crucial recommendations for investors: 1. Commit to business practices that recognize the social value of housing. 2. Enhance transparency regarding human rights and environmental impacts. 3. Evaluate the effectiveness of measures and establish remedial procedures. 4. Engage meaningfully with all stakeholders. 5. Contribute positively to housing's social value while avoiding legal exploitation. ## 🌍 Business Case for Implementation Implementing these guidelines can mitigate investment risks, enhance corporate reputation, and lead to more stable tenancies. Additionally, it aligns with emerging trends in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria and impact investing, while also supporting climate commitments. ## 🔑 Significance The guidelines represent a paradigm shift in real estate investment philosophy, advocating for a balance between profit-driven motives and social responsibility. They offer practical frameworks for investors to adapt to evolving expectations and contribute to solutions for urgent social and environmental challenges, particularly relevant amidst the global housing crisis and increasing regulatory scrutiny of business impacts on human rights. | |
Andrej Holm, Sebastian Gerhardt, David Scheller & others | Rosa-Luxemburg Stiftung | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | 📖 Context and Overview The publication "Keine Profite mit der Miete" is linked to the Rosa-Luxemburg Stiftung, a German think-tank known for its research and advocacy on social justice issues, including housing. The study, authored by Andrej Holm, Sebastian Gerhardt, David Scheller, and Itziar Gastaminza Vacas, investigates the organizational structures and costs involved in managing large public and cooperative housing stocks sustainably and socially. 🏢 Organizational Structures The study examines six state-owned housing companies (Landeseigene Wohnungsunternehmen, LWU) in Berlin, managing approximately 360,000 apartments, alongside selected larger housing cooperatives managing about 30,000 apartments, and Wiener Wohnen, Vienna's municipal housing company with around 210,000 apartments. LWUs typically have centralized decision-making and budgeting with specialized departments, while housing cooperatives often handle functions in-house to control costs. Wiener Wohnen employs a centralized structure relying heavily on on-site staff for maintenance. 🔧 Maintenance and Repair Costs In terms of maintenance and repair expenditures from 2018 to 2022, LWUs spent an average of €1.62 per square meter per month, cooperatives spent €2.43, and Wiener Wohnen spent €1.27. The higher spending among cooperatives is attributed to their commitment to maintaining high-quality housing, while Wiener Wohnen's lower costs may reflect its management of older, unrenovated properties. 💼 Administration and Personnel Costs The administrative and personnel costs varied across the organizations: LWUs spent €0.99/m², cooperatives €1.10/m², and Wiener Wohnen €1.52/m², where the latter's higher costs are linked to a greater reliance on in-house maintenance staff. 📊 Total Operating Costs The total operating costs reflect differing priorities: LWUs incur costs of €9.11/m² (inclusive of utility costs), cooperatives €7.82/m², and Wiener Wohnen €7.02/m². Average rents align with these costs, with LWUs charging €6.40/m², cooperatives €5.81/m², and Wiener Wohnen €4.89/m². 🔍 Conclusion The study concludes that socially-oriented housing management can achieve affordable rents around €5.50/m², although this poses challenges for financing new construction and energy retrofits without additional public funding. The findings underscore that different organizational priorities—expanding housing stock, maintaining quality, and fulfilling social missions—shape the cost structures in public and cooperative housing management across Europe. | |
Eurostat | Eurostat | Article | 2024 | 📊 Context and Publisher The publication titled "Key Figures on European Living Conditions - 2024 Edition" was produced by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union, and released in October 2024. This report aims to provide essential statistical indicators regarding living conditions across the EU and its member states, as well as the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries. Given the ongoing discussions about sustainable housing, the report's findings are particularly relevant for understanding the socioeconomic landscape in Europe. 💵 Income and Economic Strain In 2023, the median annual disposable income in the EU was reported at 19,955 PPS (purchasing power standards) per inhabitant. Notably, there were significant disparities in income levels between different countries; Western and Nordic EU nations exhibited the highest income levels, whereas southern, eastern, and Baltic countries faced considerably lower incomes. Economic strain remains a pressing issue, as evidenced by the fact that 45.4% of households in the EU experienced difficulties making ends meet within the same year. 🏠 Housing Affordability A critical aspect of living conditions is housing affordability. In 2023, it was found that 10.6% of the EU population could not afford to keep their homes adequately warm, an increase from 9.3% in 2022. This statistic highlights the challenges many residents face in maintaining comfortable living conditions, which is essential for public health and well-being. 🚨 Poverty and Social Exclusion The report indicates that 21.4% of the EU’s population, equivalent to approximately 94.6 million people, were at risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2023, marking a slight improvement from the previous year. Furthermore, the severe material and social deprivation rate stood at 6.8%, showing a marginal increase from 6.7% in 2022, with women experiencing higher rates of deprivation compared to men. 😐 Life Satisfaction and Disparities Life satisfaction ratings averaged at 7.3 out of 10, reflecting no change from 2018. The report also reveals significant disparities across various indicators, including urban-rural divides and differences between citizens and non-citizens. Addressing these disparities is crucial for promoting sustainable housing solutions that cater to the diverse needs of the European population. 📈 Conclusion This publication serves as a vital resource for policymakers, researchers, and citizens interested in understanding living standards and social conditions in Europe. It supports the ongoing monitoring of EU policies related to social rights and poverty reduction, providing a comprehensive overview of the challenges and opportunities in achieving sustainable housing across the continent. | |
Martijn Balster & Rik Thijs | Green European Journal | Article | 2024 | In the context of a spiraling housing crisis in the Netherlands, the article "Land Policy in Practice: A Tale of Two Dutch Cities" explores how municipalities can regain control over their land through active land policies. This piece, published by the Green European Journal, features insights from Rik Thijs of Eindhoven and Martijn Balster of The Hague, who advocate for expanding municipal land ownership to tackle housing challenges and promote sustainability. 🏛️ Importance of Active Land Policy Both Thijs and Balster emphasize the critical role of active land policy in steering urban development. Thijs argues that local governments must manage land to address issues such as climate change and housing shortages effectively. Balster highlights that municipalities can influence affordability and social housing by owning land and offering it at lower prices to social groups. 💰 Challenges of Rising Land Prices The article discusses the rising land prices in cities like Eindhoven and The Hague, largely driven by speculation and the influx of foreign investors. Thijs notes that this trend has shifted the dynamics of local land discussions, making it more challenging to pursue socially responsible development. 🌍 Eindhoven's Proactive Approach Eindhoven has adopted a proactive land policy by purchasing land and retaining ownership, enabling them to sell it to housing corporations at lower rates. This strategy allows the municipality to maintain influence over land use and ensure that developments align with community needs. Thijs also mentions the use of leaseholds to regulate land use without treating them as mere revenue sources. 🏗️ Financial Resources and Expertise Both aldermen acknowledge the financial constraints that municipalities face when implementing active land policies. Thijs explains that Eindhoven has established a revolving budget to sustain its land purchases, while Balster notes The Hague's efforts to explore new funding avenues, including leasehold income. 🌳 Sustainable Development Examples The article provides examples of successful land management, such as The Hague's acquisition of the old Red Cross hospital, which aims to house vulnerable groups and develop affordable housing. Meanwhile, Eindhoven's Knoop XL project includes a significant area designated for housing and offices, showcasing the city’s commitment to sustainable urban planning. In conclusion, the insights from Thijs and Balster illustrate the importance of active land policies in addressing housing crises and fostering sustainable urban environments, offering valuable lessons for municipalities across Europe. | |
India Burgess and Julian Siravo | The Autonomy Institute | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | This report titled "Laying the Groundwork: Mapping and implementing accountability tactics for transforming the built environment in Europe" was published in 2024 by the Autonomy Institute in collaboration with the Laudes Foundation. Authored by India Burgess and Julian Siravo, the report addresses the pressing issues of climate change and social inequality by exploring accountability tactics applicable to the built environment sector across Europe. 🌍 Key Findings and Mechanisms of Accountability The report identifies three primary mechanisms of accountability vital for the transformation of the built environment: Transparency & Disclosure, Reputation & Self-Governance, and Sanctions & Incentives. It maps out 32 specific accountability tactics across these mechanisms, evaluating their potential transferability and effectiveness within the sector. 🏗️ Recommended Tactics Among the key tactics recommended for prioritization are: - Implementing legislation on embodied carbon. - Enhancing transparency regarding the use of raw materials. - Updating the membership requirements for professional bodies. - Establishing stricter guidelines for public procurement. - Developing tools to hold companies accountable to their climate and social commitments. - Increasing pressure on capital providers concerning Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) requirements. 🔄 Unique Characteristics of the Built Environment Sector The report highlights the unique characteristics of the built environment sector, which influence accountability efforts. These include the dominance of the public sector as a customer, a business-to-business focus, extended project lifecycles, high stakes leading to risk aversion, and dependency on material and market fluctuations. 📈 Detailed Analysis and Case Studies A detailed analysis is provided on how each accountability mechanism can be applied in the built environment. This includes case studies and hypothetical scenarios, along with recommendations for effective implementation. The authors stress that while many tactics are already in use to some extent, additional resources and better coordination are necessary to enhance their impact across Europe. 🔑 Role of Regulation and Voluntary Initiatives The report underscores the importance of regulation as a key driver for industry change, while also recognizing the effectiveness of voluntary initiatives as precursors or complements to regulatory approaches. It aims to guide organizations in increasing accountability and promoting sustainable transformation in the European built environment sector, offering a comprehensive mapping of tactics and their potential effectiveness. | |
Lidewij Tummers | Architecture & The Built Environment | Academic ThesisResearch Paper | 2017 | The document titled "Learning from co-housing initiatives" is a PhD thesis authored by Lidewij Tummers, published in 2017 and affiliated with Delft University of Technology. The thesis explores the re-emergence of co-housing in Europe, particularly in the Netherlands, focusing on its potential for sustainable living and community development. 🌍 Context and Overview Co-housing initiatives have gained traction in Europe as residents seek more sustainable and community-oriented living environments. This thesis highlights how co-housing combines self-management, shared facilities, and collaborative decision-making to create more sustainable living conditions. 🔍 Key Findings The research identifies several key findings regarding co-housing initiatives. Firstly, there is a noted resurgence in Europe, particularly driven by a desire for sustainable and community-focused living spaces. Secondly, Tummers discusses both the challenges faced by these initiatives, such as institutional barriers and the necessity for professional expertise, and the opportunities they present for innovative housing solutions that address environmental and social needs. 🏡 Case Studies and Models The thesis includes diverse case studies from the Netherlands and Switzerland, illustrating different models of co-housing. These examples demonstrate variations in design, governance, and energy efficiency, showcasing how co-housing can adapt to different contexts and needs. ⚡ Energy Transition and Sustainability Tummers emphasizes the significant role that co-housing plays in promoting sustainability and facilitating energy transitions. Many co-housing communities adopt renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies, which contribute to reducing their environmental impact. 📈 Professionalization of Co-housing The thesis discusses the professionalization of co-housing, noting the emergence of specialized roles and expertise, including new consultancies and training programs tailored for professionals in this field. This professionalization is crucial for the successful implementation and management of co-housing projects. 🛑 Institutional Challenges Tummers also addresses legal and financial hurdles that co-housing initiatives face. Despite these challenges, co-housing is presented as a promising strategy for sustainable urban development. ♀️ Gender and Climate Change Additionally, the thesis explores the connections between co-housing, gender equality, and climate change, suggesting that community-led initiatives can provide insights into addressing broader societal challenges. 🔚 Conclusion In conclusion, Tummers emphasizes the potential of co-housing to foster sustainable urban development and community building, stressing the need for collaboration among residents, engineers, and policymakers to overcome existing challenges and harness the benefits of co-housing for a sustainable future. | |
Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community | Bau-Ministerium Deutschland | Study / Report / Handbook | 2019 | The document titled Leitfaden Nachhaltiges Bauen (Guide to Sustainable Building) was published by the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community in Germany. This comprehensive guide serves as a framework for sustainable building practices, integrating ecological, economic, and social considerations into the planning, construction, and operation of buildings. It aligns with Germany's broader sustainability strategy, which is in line with international efforts to promote sustainable development. 🌱 Sustainability Integration The guide emphasizes the importance of integrating sustainability principles throughout the entire lifecycle of buildings, from planning and construction to usage and eventual deconstruction. This approach ensures that buildings are energy-efficient, resource-conserving, and environmentally friendly. 📊 Evaluation System (BNB) A key feature of the guide is the introduction of the Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiges Bauen (BNB), a comprehensive evaluation system that assesses buildings based on ecological, economic, and socio-cultural criteria. This system provides a transparent framework for measuring and documenting sustainability performance. 🔄 Lifecycle Considerations The guide places significant focus on considering the entire lifecycle of a building. It emphasizes the importance of assessing environmental impacts through life cycle assessments (LCA) and managing costs through life cycle cost analysis (LCC). 🏗️ Quality Standards The guide establishes quality standards for federal buildings, requiring adherence to specific sustainability criteria. It encourages both public and private stakeholders to adopt these standards to enhance overall building quality. 🔧 Adaptation and Flexibility The guide advocates for buildings to be adaptable to future needs and resilient against environmental changes, ensuring long-term usability and value retention. 🤝 Stakeholder Involvement Highlighting the importance of collaboration, the guide emphasizes the involvement of various stakeholders—such as planners, builders, users, and policymakers—in the sustainability process to ensure comprehensive implementation. 📜 Technical Guidelines Detailed technical guidelines are provided for various aspects of building construction and operation, including energy efficiency, material selection, indoor air quality, and waste management. The Leitfaden Nachhaltiges Bauen builds upon previous versions by incorporating updated methods and practices that reflect advancements in sustainable building technologies and methodologies since its initial introduction in 2001. The document was prepared through collaborative efforts with stakeholders in the construction industry and public sector, solidifying its role as a coherent framework for sustainable building practices in Germany. The specific version referenced here was published in 2019. | |
Manuel Lutz | Assemble Papers | Article | 2019 | Lived Solidarity: Housing Co-operatives 📅 Context and Publication This article, written by Manuel Lutz and published on November 20, 2019, on Assemble Papers, discusses the role of housing co-operatives in addressing European housing challenges. Assemble Papers is an Australian publication focused on architecture, design, and urbanism, promoting innovative ideas and sustainable practices in these fields. 🏡 Understanding Housing Co-operatives Housing co-operatives are recognized as a viable solution for achieving quality living at affordable prices. The United Nations acknowledges their significance in addressing global housing challenges. Co-operatives originated in the 19th century as a self-help response to housing crises, where groups pooled resources to create non-profit housing solutions. The German co-operative model has been inscribed on UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list since 2016, emphasizing their importance in contemporary society. 💡 Benefits of Co-operative Housing Co-operatives prioritize the use value of housing over its exchange value, focusing on community benefits rather than profit. Members of co-operatives acquire shares, ensuring lifelong security of tenure and affordable rents that are set to cover operational costs. In contrast to traditional homeowner associations, housing co-operatives emphasize democracy and equality, with each member having an equal vote regardless of their shareholding. This model fosters long-term, stable communities. 📈 Co-operative Housing Statistics In Germany, co-operative housing constitutes 10% of rental units and provides homes for approximately 5 million people. In Switzerland, co-operatives account for 5% of all housing units, while Austria has a higher rate, with 15% of households living in co-operative or similar non-profit housing. These co-operatives primarily exist in urban areas, significantly impacting housing markets in cities like Vienna and Zurich, where they comprise nearly a quarter of the housing stock. 🔍 Challenges and Opportunities Despite the established benefits, housing co-operatives face challenges, particularly in financing new projects amidst rising building costs and land scarcity in major cities. While the German government recognizes co-operatives as essential partners for affordable housing, many have struggled to expand their housing stock in recent decades. New co-operatives are emerging, driven by local groups, but they often encounter financial hurdles. 🌍 Conclusion Overall, housing co-operatives exemplify a sustainable approach to housing, balancing individual needs with community interests. They offer a model for developing affordable, high-quality housing that can adapt to changing lifestyles, highlighting the potential for solidarity in urban living. | |
Manuel Lutz | Assemble Papers | Article | 2021 | ### 🌍 Context and Overview The article "Living Labs for Housing: Co-operatives Reinvented" was published on Assemble Papers, a platform focused on architecture, design, and urbanism. Written by Manuel Lutz, the piece explores innovative housing co-operatives in Germany and Switzerland, highlighting their potential for providing high-quality, affordable housing through collaborative efforts. ### 🏡 Financial Models in Co-operatives Housing co-operatives leverage mixed financing models, combining equity capital from members and various subsidies. The article discusses three exemplary projects: Spreefeld in Berlin, wagnisART in Munich, and mehr als wohnen in Zurich. Each project utilizes unique financial strategies to ensure affordability. For instance, Spreefeld relies predominantly on member equity, with co-operative shares for a 45 square meter unit costing approximately €50,000. In contrast, wagnisART employs city subsidies to reduce entry costs significantly, allowing for a broader range of income levels among members. ### 🤝 Inclusivity and Affordability The Zurich project, mehr als wohnen, aims to reflect the city's social demographics by offering diverse housing options. This project integrates subsidized and rent-controlled units, ensuring that 20% of its apartments remain affordable for low-income residents. The financial models of both wagnisART and mehr als wohnen demonstrate that incorporating social housing can lead to lower entry costs and rents, with units priced between €5 and €13 per square meter. ### 🏗️ Scale and Community Impact The article emphasizes the importance of scale in these projects, as larger co-operatives can achieve economies of scale that enhance affordability and quality of life. While many traditional co-operative projects are small, the three highlighted here range from 10,000 to 40,000 square meters, accommodating hundreds of residents and providing communal spaces. This approach not only fosters community engagement but also supports innovative designs and sustainable living practices. ### 🌱 Future of Co-operative Housing The article concludes with a reflection on the future of co-operative housing in Europe. It emphasizes the need for ongoing state support to ensure these initiatives can thrive and provide quality housing at scale. Co-operatives are illustrated as "living labs" that challenge conventional notions of housing as a commodity, advocating for a model centered around communal living and shared resources. As societies grapple with housing affordability, these co-operatives present valuable insights into sustainable living and community-oriented solutions. | |
Matthias Lehner, Jessika Luth Richter, Halliki Kreinin & others | Building & Cities | Article | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Background The article "Living smaller: acceptance, effects and structural factors in the EU," published by Building & Cities on June 27, 2024, presents research by Matthias Lehner and colleagues on the concept of "living smaller" as a sustainable solution to reduce housing-related environmental impacts in the European Union (EU). This research highlights that household energy consumption accounts for 27% of the EU's final energy consumption, with space heating representing 60% of this usage. Notably, the average per-person living space in Europe increased by 16% from 2000 to 2018, underscoring the urgent need for greater housing efficiency and sufficiency. 🔍 Research Methodology The study utilized data from interactive workshops called "thinking labs" across five EU countries: Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Spain, and Sweden. These workshops engaged citizens, civil society members, academics, and policymakers to gather diverse insights on housing sufficiency. 📊 Key Findings The research revealed low initial acceptance rates for reducing living space (29% approval) and shared housing (21% approval). Barriers identified included complex housing markets, privacy concerns, and entrenched social norms favoring home ownership. Motivations for smaller living included environmental concerns, economic factors such as lower housing costs, and practical reasons like changes in family dynamics. 🏘️ Effects of Downsizing Participants noted both negative and positive impacts of downsizing. Negative effects included reduced socializing opportunities, privacy concerns, and storage limitations. Conversely, downsizing led to less time spent on maintenance, improved access to urban amenities, and a forced decluttering process that encouraged mindful consumption. 📜 Policy Implications The article outlines several policy recommendations, including integrated urban planning that supports smaller living spaces, revising building codes to promote downsizing, and fostering community-building initiatives. The need for flexible housing solutions and high-quality shared amenities is emphasized. 🔮 Future Considerations The success of smaller living initiatives relies on equitable implementation, alignment with broader urban sustainability goals, and a cultural shift in perceptions of home ownership. The findings indicate that, despite challenges, with proper policy support and societal shifts, smaller living can contribute to reducing housing-related environmental impacts while maintaining quality of life. | |
& others | UN (Environment Programme Finance Initiative) | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperPolicy Brief | 2022 | 🌍 Context and Publisher The report titled "Managing Transition Risk in Real Estate: Aligning to the Paris Climate Acc" was created by the UN Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) on April 21, 2022. UNEP FI is a partnership between the United Nations Environment Programme and the financial sector, aimed at promoting sustainable finance and investment practices. The report addresses the pressing need for the real estate sector to adapt to climate change and align with net-zero goals, a critical aspect of the Paris Agreement. 🏢 Transition Risks in Real Estate As economies across Europe and beyond move towards decarbonization, the real estate sector faces significant transition risks. These risks stem from regulatory changes, shifts in market demand, and the need for substantial investment in sustainable practices. Financial institutions, including banks and real estate investors, must adopt proactive strategies to mitigate these risks and ensure their portfolios remain resilient against climate-related challenges. 📊 Assessment and Recommendations The report assesses the current state of real estate assets and identifies the challenges that impede alignment with net-zero targets. It highlights the climate challenges facing the sector and provides | |
Lang Carriou, Czischke & others | TU Delft | Article | 2022 | 🌍 Context and Purpose The project titled “Mapping social innovation and collaboration in housing – Co-Lab Mapping” is a collaborative initiative developed in partnership with Urbamonde and supported by the Dutch architecture firm Inbo. This project aims to address the fragmented nature of existing research on collaborative housing, which has primarily relied on qualitative case studies. Despite numerous umbrella organizations collecting data on collaborative housing at various levels, the lack of standardized definitions has hindered a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities these housing forms present. 📊 Objectives of the Co-Lab Mapping Project The Co-Lab Mapping Project, grounded in the conceptualization of collaborative housing as proposed by Lang, Carriou & Czischke (2020), represents a significant scientific step toward establishing a validated categorization of different collaborative housing forms in Europe. The project aims to aggregate and analyze data on collaborative housing provided by national umbrella organizations, utilizing a set of pre-established filters. This foundational work is intended to facilitate comparative analysis of the salient characteristics of collaborative housing, thereby advancing both scientific and practical discussions in the field. 🏡 Focus Countries The project concentrates on nine European countries where collaborative housing is well-established and supported by national umbrella organizations: Belgium, Denmark, England and Wales, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. By focusing on these regions, the project seeks to create a comprehensive overview that can enhance mutual learning and communication across borders. 🔍 Research Methodology An iterative data collection approach has been employed, incorporating various techniques such as interviews with key informants, literature reviews, and a Delphi-panel involving insights from academic and practitioner experts from the selected countries. Additionally, the research included a review of several national databases and a validation workshop with research partners to ensure the reliability of the findings. 💰 Funding and Support The Co-Lab Mapping Project has been awarded a grant from the Creative Industry – KIEM programme, aimed at promoting fundamental and industrial research. Prior funding was received from the Delft Technology Fellowship, granted to Dr. Czischke in 2014, which supported the project from January 2018 to December 2019. For further information, you can visit the project's website: Co-Lab Mapping. | |
Zsuzsanna Pósfai, Csaba Jelinek, Mara Ferreri & others | Radical Housing Journal | Research PaperStudy / Report / HandbookPolicy Brief | 2024 | The document titled "Rethinking needs and financing for affordable rental and cooperative housing in Central and South-Eastern Europe" features a conversation among Zsuzsanna Pósfai, Csaba Jelinek, and Mara Ferreri, published in the Radical Housing Journal in January 2024. This discussion arises from a 2022 research project examining the role of catalytic capital investment in facilitating affordable housing solutions across eight countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe (CSEE). 🏠 Contextual Challenges The housing landscape in CSEE is dominated by a 'super' homeownership model, with over 90% of the housing stock being owner-occupied. This predominance restricts flexibility and fails to cater to the housing needs of many households, particularly those who cannot afford to buy homes. Surveys from four capital cities—Budapest, Belgrade, Ljubljana, and Zagreb—indicate that more than half of the population is seeking changes in their housing situations, with 13% to 26% expressing interest in affordable rental and cooperative housing options. 💰 Financial Barriers The research highlights significant financial barriers that hinder access to alternative housing solutions. Existing housing finance products mainly focus on individual mortgages, which are often inaccessible to various social groups. The need for new financial instruments tailored for nonprofit affordable housing providers is emphasized as critical for supporting alternative housing models. 🌍 MOBA's Innovative Approach MOBA Housing SCE proposes a bottom-up quasi-revolving fund intended to support local projects during their initial phases. This fund aims to provide catalytic capital, bridging financial gaps until traditional lenders can offer appropriate financial products. MOBA advocates for international collaboration, drawing inspiration from state socialist traditions of cooperativism and promoting collective ownership models that prioritize affordability and are anti-speculative. 🔍 Challenges and Opportunities The main challenges identified include inadequate access to financing, insufficient regulatory frameworks, and limited organizational capacities. MOBA is pushing for the legal recognition of nonprofit affordable housing providers to facilitate public support. Future initiatives include the "MOBA Accelerator," a transnational revolving fund designed to offer bridge loans for project development while seeking solidarity and resources from larger cooperative networks. 📈 Conclusion Conducted amidst increasing housing inequalities and crises, exacerbated by energy shortages and high inflation in 2022, the study underscores the necessity for diverse housing tenure forms beyond individual homeownership. It advocates for the inclusion of rental and cooperative models to address systemic challenges in the region's housing markets. | |
Daniela Gabor & Sebastian Kohl | The Greens / EFA | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy BriefResearch Paper | 2022 | ## 📄 Context This report, authored by Daniela Gabor and Sebastian Kohl, was commissioned by The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament and published in 2022. It investigates the increasing influence of institutional investors in European housing markets and the subsequent effects on housing affordability and accessibility. ## 📈 Scale of Institutional Investment The report reveals that institutional landlords have transformed approximately €40 billion worth of Berlin's housing stock into rental assets, a figure that is twice the total value of institutional properties in both London and Amsterdam. In 2021 alone, over 4,000 institutional investors allocated around $3.6 trillion of their total $136 trillion assets under management to European real estate. Notably, 1,325 of these investors, controlling $44 trillion in assets, included residential properties in their investment portfolios. ## 🔍 Drivers of Housing Financialization Several factors are driving the financialization of housing. Low interest rates have prompted investors to seek higher yields in alternatives like housing. Government policies, which are often intended to benefit homeowners, have inadvertently inflated housing prices. Additionally, there has been a noticeable withdrawal of the state from providing social housing, coupled with regulatory frameworks that encourage institutional investment in housing. ## 🚨 Impact on Housing Markets The effects of these trends have been significant, leading to reduced housing affordability in major European cities and the displacement of lower-income tenants. This transformation has altered neighborhood dynamics and exacerbated urban inequalities. Furthermore, strategic land banking by institutional investors has contributed to ongoing housing shortages. ## 🏛️ Key Policy Recommendations The report outlines several key policy recommendations aimed at addressing these issues: 1. Sustainable Institutional Housing Framework: Establish a Social Taxonomy with mandatory disclosure requirements for institutional landlords. 2. European Housing Fund: Create a fund to act as a countercyclical measure during housing market crises and to support public investment in social housing. 3. Housing Red Flag Rule: Implement oversight mechanisms to ensure that new regulations do not inadvertently reduce risks for institutional landlords. 4. Enhanced Macroprudential Mandate: Expand central banks' authority to regulate mortgage lending in response to house price inflation, ensuring socially just outcomes. ## 🌍 Significance This report provides one of the first comprehensive assessments of how European legislation and financial regulations have facilitated the transformation of housing into an asset class. It emphasizes the urgent need for policy interventions to ensure that housing remains accessible and affordable for all European citizens rather than serving primarily as an investment vehicle for institutional investors. | |
NASCO | NASCO | Study / Report / Handbook | 2022 | 📝 Context and Publisher The "NASCO Cooperative Organizer’s Handbook" was created by NASCO, an organization dedicated to supporting cooperative movements and facilitating the creation of cooperative housing solutions. Established to enhance the capacity of communities and individuals to organize and manage cooperatives, NASCO plays a significant role in promoting sustainable housing practices in various settings. 🏡 Overview of the Organizer's Handbook The Organizer's Handbook serves as a comprehensive guide for individuals interested in establishing group-equity housing cooperatives. It provides clear explanations of the cooperative movement, detailing aspects such as campus and community organizing, nonprofit incorporation, financing, and housing development. This resource is particularly valuable for student and community organizers focused on addressing housing issues and is widely applicable in different cooperative contexts. 📅 Editions and Updates The Handbook has undergone major updates in 1991, 1999, 2008, and most recently in 2020. The latest edition reflects a more comprehensive approach and is written in accessible language, making it useful for a broad audience. This edition offers practical advice across various cooperative settings, ensuring that readers can find relevant information regardless of their specific circumstances. 👥 Target Audience This Handbook is an essential resource for a diverse group of stakeholders, including active students, affordable housing advocates, college administrators, foundations, libraries, and nonprofit organizations. Individuals concerned about affordable housing and college access will also find the content enlightening. While the third edition emphasizes group equity cooperatives, many resources within the Handbook are applicable to those organizing student, community, and non-housing cooperatives. 🌍 Importance for Sustainable Housing As Europe continues to address the challenges of affordable housing and sustainable living, the insights and strategies presented in the NASCO Cooperative Organizer’s Handbook are particularly relevant. Its focus on cooperative models highlights the potential for community-driven solutions to housing issues, promoting both sustainability and accessibility in housing development. The Handbook is a vital addition to the resources needed for fostering cooperative living arrangements that can benefit communities across Europe. | |
Marc Lyon & others | Implenia | Study / Report / Handbook | 2023 | 🌍 Context and Publisher The whitepaper titled "Net Zero: How to take the path to net zero carbon buildings" was published in 2023 by Implenia, a prominent international construction and real estate services provider based in Switzerland. The document is authored by the Real Estate Development division and features a foreword by Marc Lyon, the Head of Real Estate Development Switzerland at Implenia. This publication is aimed at advancing sustainable practices within the real estate industry and assisting stakeholders in meeting climate targets through the development of net zero carbon buildings. 🏢 Importance of Decarbonizing Buildings Buildings are significant contributors to global energy consumption, accounting for approximately 40% and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions, respectively. Therefore, decarbonizing the building sector is essential for meeting international climate goals. Net zero carbon buildings are characterized by minimal operational emissions from energy use, low embodied emissions from construction materials, and the offsetting of any remaining emissions. 🏗️ Key Characteristics of Net Zero Carbon Buildings A typical net zero carbon building features high energy efficiency, the integration of renewable energy systems such as solar photovoltaics, and the use of low-carbon construction materials. Notably, around 70-75% of total lifecycle emissions stem from upfront embodied carbon associated with materials and construction, rather than operational energy use. Therefore, effective decarbonization strategies include efficient design, renewable energy incorporation, passive design principles, and the selection of low-carbon materials. 🛠️ Strategies for Decarbonization Decarbonization should begin early in the planning process, with site selection playing a crucial role. Factors such as compact building design, orientation, and glazing significantly impact emissions. Benchmarks are essential for assessing where a building stands concerning embodied and operational carbon, and more ambitious targets are necessary to achieve net zero status. 🌱 Key Takeaways for Real Estate Professionals The whitepaper emphasizes that embodied carbon constitutes approximately 74% of a building's total lifecycle emissions, highlighting the potential for significant reductions through careful materials selection and construction methods. The most effective strategies for reducing carbon emissions are identified at the early planning and design stages. On-site renewable energy generation, particularly through photovoltaic systems, is critical for achieving net zero operational carbon. Implenia has set targets for its projects, aiming for net zero operational carbon by 2030 for new builds and 2050 for refurbishments, while also striving for net zero embodied carbon by 2040 for new constructions. Achieving these goals requires a comprehensive approach that spans all lifecycle phases, emphasizing the importance of early intervention in the planning process. | |
THE BEAM (magazine) in collaboration with St. Oberholz from Berlin | THE BEAM | Article | 2021 | 🌍 Context and Collaboration "Next Generation Living" is an online magazine established in collaboration with THE BEAM, a magazine known for its focus on innovative and sustainable living, and St. Oberholz, a co-working space based in Berlin. Created on April 4, 2021, this publication aims to highlight the individuals and organizations that are at the forefront of change, influencing the future of sustainable living and working environments across Europe. 🏡 Focus on Sustainable Living The magazine delves into the dynamic changes occurring within our living and working spaces, emphasizing the significant impact these environments have on our lives. It addresses the urgent need for sustainability in various sectors, including homes, transportation, communities, cities, and workplaces. By concentrating on the intersection of technology and sustainable practices, "Next Generation Living" provides insights into how these elements are evolving together. 🔧 Technological Influence on Daily Life As we navigate a period marked by rapid technological advancements, the magazine notes that technology is becoming integral to almost every aspect of human life. This transformation is not only reshaping how we live but also how we perceive our responsibilities towards the environment. The publication investigates the positive implications of these technological advancements, particularly in enhancing sustainability and improving quality of life. 🔮 Looking Ahead The magazine takes a forward-looking approach, exploring potential developments that will define our future. It aims to shed light on the promising contributions towards sustainable living that lie on the horizon, encouraging a collective vision for a better tomorrow. By fostering discussions around these topics, "Next Generation Living" seeks to inspire readers to contemplate and engage with the sustainable changes occurring in their own communities. In summary, "Next Generation Living" serves as an essential resource for those interested in sustainable housing and the broader implications of technological integration in our daily lives. It endeavors to inform and inspire a pan-European audience about the possibilities that lie ahead in creating more sustainable and livable environments. | |
Rudolf Hierl, Kerstin Oertel, Marcel Enzweiler & others | Bund Deutscher Architektinnen und Architekten BDA Bayern | Article | 2025 | 📄 Context and Purpose The document titled "Office to Housing" is a publication by the Bund Deutscher Architektinnen und Architekten BDA Bayern, created to address the pressing issue of transforming unused office spaces into affordable housing. The initiative comes in response to the increasing housing crisis in Germany, where a significant shortage of affordable apartments exists. The publication aims to provide practical guidelines for various stakeholders involved in urban development, including builders, local governments, and architects. 🏢 Current Housing Crisis in Germany As of late 2023, Germany faces a notable housing deficit, with approximately 1.9 million homes lacking, including 1.4 million small apartments under 45 square meters. Despite a governmental aim to complete 400,000 housing units annually, actual completions have fallen short, with only around 223,000 anticipated for 2023. This shortage emphasizes the necessity for innovative solutions to housing shortages, particularly amidst rising construction costs and the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. 🔄 Transformation Potential The publication outlines the potential for repurposing vacant office buildings, especially in urban centers. Experts suggest that the conversion of office spaces into residences can rejuvenate neighborhoods and contribute to urban vitality, even in less desirable locations. This transformation is posited as a sustainable alternative to new construction, allowing for the use of existing structures while minimizing environmental impact. 💰 Financial Considerations The document indicates that financial disparities arising from the conversion process can be addressed through tax incentives, depreciation options, and the reallocation of funding models. It highlights the importance of creating favorable financial conditions to encourage the transformation of office buildings into housing, ensuring a broader impact on the housing market. ⚖️ Legal and Regulatory Framework The publication discusses the legal landscape surrounding such transformations, including building codes and zoning laws that may pose challenges. It emphasizes the need for flexibility in these regulations to facilitate the conversion process. The authors argue for legislative adjustments to support the repurposing efforts, allowing for streamlined processes that encourage the creation of new living spaces. 🌍 Conclusion The "Office to Housing" initiative serves as a critical response to Germany's housing crisis, advocating for sustainable urban development through the innovative repurposing of office buildings. The publication provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and opportunities presented by this approach, aiming to inspire action among various stakeholders in the construction and urban planning sectors across Europe. | |
anton & irene + SPACE10 | Design studio anton & irene + | Article | 2021 | 🌍 Context and Purpose ONE SHARED HOUSE 2030 is a research project developed by the design studio anton & irene in collaboration with SPACE10. Launched on March 24, 2021, the project is situated within a growing interest in co-living solutions and sustainable housing practices across Europe. With the increasing urbanization and the challenges of housing affordability, this initiative serves as a timely exploration of future housing concepts. 📊 Research Methodology The project's primary method of collecting insights involves a collaborative survey designed to gather opinions and preferences regarding co-living arrangements. This survey is open-source, allowing anyone to access and utilize the data collected. The anonymity of the responses is ensured, fostering an environment where participants can share their thoughts candidly without any privacy concerns. This approach aligns with contemporary trends in research that prioritize transparency and community engagement. 🆕 Project Sequel ONE SHARED HOUSE 2030 is a sequel to the interactive documentary ONE SHARED HOUSE, furthering the dialogue initiated in the previous project. The ongoing conversation about shared living reflects broader societal shifts towards communal living arrangements, which can potentially lead to more sustainable and efficient housing solutions. By building upon the findings from the earlier project, the current initiative aims to deepen the understanding of what future co-living spaces might look like and how they can be designed to meet the needs of diverse populations. 📈 Open-Source Insights The initiative emphasizes the importance of open access to information in the realm of sustainable housing. By making the data freely available, anton & irene and SPACE10 encourage researchers, policymakers, and the general public to engage with the findings and contribute to the discourse on co-living. This open-source model is particularly relevant in the context of sustainable development goals, as it enables collaborative efforts towards creating more inclusive and environmentally friendly living conditions. For those interested in sustainable housing solutions, ONE SHARED HOUSE 2030 offers valuable insights and data that could inform future developments in co-living and shared housing initiatives across Europe. The project underscores the potential for innovative, community-oriented living arrangements in addressing the pressing challenges of housing today. | |
Urban Equipe, Kollektiv Raumstation & others | Urban Equipe | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | 🏙️ Context and Purpose The document titled "ORGANISIERT EUCH! Zusammen die Stadt verändern" is a practical handbook aimed at empowering collectives to effectively organize and initiate change in urban environments. It was published by Urban Equipe and Kollektiv Raumstation, involving contributions from over 30 individuals across various collectives in Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. The handbook serves as a resource for those eager to participate in shaping their living environments and advocating for political causes such as environmental protection, affordable housing, and equality. 🛠️ Key Findings and Themes The handbook emphasizes the power of collective action over individual efforts, highlighting the importance of organizing within a collective framework to achieve sustainable change. It provides practical tools and methods for organizing collectives, including strategies for role distribution within teams, decision-making processes, conflict resolution, and maintaining motivation among members. A significant theme is the engagement with democratic institutions, where contributors debate whether to respect, question, or ignore these institutions. However, there is a consensus that democratic principles should be continuously democratized rather than discarded. The handbook also stresses the necessity of flexibility and adaptation, encouraging collectives to tailor shared tools and methods to their unique contexts and challenges. 🌍 Inclusivity and Sustainability The document places a strong emphasis on making collectives inclusive and accessible to new members, ensuring diverse voices are heard and valued. The sustainability of efforts is another critical aspect, highlighting the importance of proper organization and shared responsibilities to prevent burnout among participants. 📚 Structure The handbook is structured around various themes related to organizing collectives, including shared understanding and vision, meeting organization, accessibility, hierarchies, structure, and legal considerations such as forming associations. 📖 Conclusion "ORGANISIERT EUCH!" serves as both a guidebook and an inspiration for those involved in collective urban activism. It equips readers with the necessary tools to organize effectively while fostering an inclusive and democratic approach to community engagement. The collaborative nature of its creation underscores principles of collective effort, shared knowledge, and mutual support in driving social change, especially relevant for discussions around sustainable housing in urban contexts across Europe. | |
Bianca Carrera Espriu | Green European Journal | ArticleResearch PaperPolicy Brief | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Background The article "Overtourism: Barcelona Sparks Global Rethinking" was published by the Green European Journal, a platform dedicated to fostering dialogue on environmental issues in Europe. The piece discusses the pressing issue of overtourism in Barcelona, where the influx of tourists has led to significant challenges for local communities, particularly in terms of housing, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability. 🏙️ Impact of Overtourism Barcelona attracted around 26 million tourists in 2023, with grassroots movements estimating the number to be closer to 31 million. This influx is nearly 20 times the city's permanent resident population of 1.6 million. The report highlights that many visitors stay only for short periods, exacerbating the burden on local infrastructure and services. Residents have expressed their discontent through protests and graffiti, calling for a reevaluation of the current tourism model. 🚧 Local Voices and Protests Local organizer Daniel Pardo Rivacoba notes that the recent protests have been fueled by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which provided a brief respite from the pressures of mass tourism. Residents demand policies that restrict the number of tourists and prioritize sustainable living conditions. The Neighbourhoods for Tourism Degrowth movement has called for measures such as limiting cruise terminals, banning new tourist accommodations, and reallocating resources to support local commerce. 📈 Policy Responses and Future Directions In response to these demands, Barcelona's Mayor Jaume Collboni announced plans to cancel all short-term rental licenses by 2028 and increase tourism taxes. However, activists remain skeptical, claiming that these promises have often been unfulfilled. The article emphasizes the need for a more equitable tourism model that benefits residents rather than external investors. 🌿 Sustainable Tourism and Housing The need for a redefined tourism model is urgent, as the travel industry contributes significantly to global CO2 emissions. The report cites a 2023 study indicating that tourism accounts for approximately 8.1% of such emissions. This has resulted in calls for an inclusive tourism degrowth model that prioritizes not only the reduction of tourist numbers but also the sustainability of housing and local economies. 🔄 A Call for Structural Change The piece concludes by underscoring the importance of shifting the focus from the tourists to the profiteers of mass tourism. The Neighbourhoods for Tourism Degrowth movement aims to engage in broader European discussions about sustainable tourism policies, advocating for structural changes that ensure local communities benefit from tourism while addressing environmental concerns. | |
Perceive Project | Perceive Project | Research PaperStudy / Report / HandbookPolicy Brief | 2019 | This document, published by the Perceive Project in 2019, presents findings from three years of research focused on the relationship between Cohesion Policy, identity, awareness, and perception of Europe. It outlines eight key conclusions that can inform citizens, practitioners, and policymakers regarding the effectiveness of EU communications and the public's understanding of European integration. 💬 Communication Challenges The research indicates that Europe struggles with communication, particularly regarding the Cohesion Policy, which has not effectively promoted support for the EU. Traditional media channels such as television (30%) and newspapers (23%) dominate awareness efforts, while social media only accounts for 5.8%. Enhanced communication strategies are necessary to ensure that local governments do not take undue credit for benefits derived from EU funds. 💰 Structural Funds and Public Support Allocating structural funds does not automatically translate to public support for the EU. For instance, regions like Calabria (Italy) benefit significantly from EU funding, yet only 10% of residents perceive these benefits positively. The study suggests that poor spending of funds and ineffective communication about the outcomes of this policy contribute to this disconnect. 📉 Awareness Gaps The research reveals that half of European citizens are unaware of EU policies, with only 45% knowledgeable about the Cohesion Policy. Awareness varies across regions, with peaks in newer EU member states like Poland (63%) and Estonia (60%), contrasting sharply with much lower figures in the UK (21%) and the Netherlands (18%). 🌍 Euroscepticism and Perception Interestingly, not all Eurosceptic governments govern Eurosceptic populations. For example, Poland, despite having a Eurosceptic government, shows a high percentage of citizens (60-80%) recognizing the benefits of EU funding, with over 75% viewing EU membership positively. 👥 Demographics and EU Perception Citizens’ perceptions of the EU are influenced by factors such as age, education, and urban living. Younger, more educated individuals in urban areas are more likely to acknowledge the benefits of European integration. Conversely, older and less-educated citizens in rural areas tend to have a lower identification with the EU. 📈 Investment in Awareness Investment in communication and structural funds can enhance awareness of EU policies. Regions with substantial funding and dedicated communication budgets see higher levels of public awareness. However, this effect may diminish over time, necessitating ongoing investment to maintain awareness and support. 🏛️ Institutional Quality and Trust Lastly, regions with higher institutional quality and wealth tend to express more concern regarding EU efficacy and corruption. In contrast, poorer regions exhibit greater trust in EU institutions, possibly due to high perceived corruption and lower governance quality. | |
& others | Research project of EU Horizon program | Research Paper | 2021 | The PERCEIVE Project, part of the EU Horizon 2020 program, investigates the perception and evaluation of Regional and Cohesion Policies by Europeans, aiming to foster a shared European identity. This three-year research initiative produced crucial findings relevant to policy-makers and citizens, particularly in understanding the relationship between Cohesion Policy and the perception of Europe. 🌍 Europe’s Communication Challenge One of the key findings is that the communication of Cohesion Policy is ineffective in promoting support for the EU. Traditional media channels dominate communication, with 30% of awareness coming from TV and 23% from newspapers, while social media struggles at only 5.8%. Improved communication strategies are necessary to ensure local governments do not overshadow the benefits derived from EU funds. 💰 Funding Does Not Equal Support The research highlights that merely allocating structural funds does not guarantee support for the EU project. For instance, in Calabria, Italy, while over 60% are aware of receiving EU funds, only 10% perceive these benefits positively. This disconnect suggests a need for better spending of funds and enhanced communication about the positive outcomes of Cohesion Policy. 📉 Low Awareness of EU Policies The study reveals that nearly half of European citizens (55%) are unaware of EU policies, with awareness of Cohesion Policy at just 45%. Citizens in newer EU member states, like Poland (63% awareness), show significantly higher awareness than those in older member states such as the UK (21%). 👵 Demographic Disparities Awareness of EU funding is notably higher among younger, educated, and urban populations. Older, less-educated, and rural citizens tend to have a lower perception of the EU’s benefits. This demographic divide suggests that targeted communication strategies are necessary to engage these groups effectively. 🔍 Institutional Quality and Trust The quality of national institutions and perceptions of corruption significantly influence citizens’ trust in the EU. Wealthier regions with high institutional quality often exhibit lower identification with the EU, while poorer regions express more trust in EU institutions despite local corruption concerns. The findings from the PERCEIVE Project offer valuable insights for improving the relationship between citizens and the EU, particularly in the context of sustainable housing and urban development policies that align with the goals of the Cohesion Policy. | |
Dovydas Caturianas, Piotr Lewandowski, Jakub Sokołowski & others. | EU - Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies | Study / Report / Handbook | 2023 | The study "Policies to Ensure Access to Affordable Housing," published by the EU's Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies, addresses the pressing issue of housing affordability in the European Union. Authored by Dovydas Caturianas, Piotr Lewandowski, Jakub Sokołowski, Zuzanna Kowalik, and Egidijus Barcevičius, the document provides an extensive analysis of current challenges and proposes recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders. 🏠 Context and Background Affordable housing is gaining recognition as a distinct area of housing policy across EU Member States, despite the EU's lack of direct authority in this domain. The EU influences housing conditions indirectly through various regulations, including state aid law and fiscal law. 🔍 Key Findings The study reveals a significant disparity in housing affordability across Member States. The most common measure used is the housing cost overburden rate, defined as the percentage of individuals spending over 40% of their disposable income on housing. Between 2010 and 2018, this rate remained stable at around 10% for the EU-27, but with marked differences—higher burdens are observed in countries like Germany, Denmark, Bulgaria, and particularly in Greece and the Balkans. 📉 Deteriorating Conditions Recent years have seen a deterioration in housing affordability, especially for low-income owners and renters. In 2018, nearly 38% of households at risk of poverty spent over 40% of their income on housing, starkly higher than the 10.2% average across the general population. The lack of a unified definition of homelessness further complicates the assessment of this issue, with rising rates of homelessness reported in several EU countries. 💰 Financialization and Its Impact A critical factor contributing to the rise in housing costs is the financialization of housing, where residential properties are treated as financial assets. This trend is aggravated by foreign investments that inflate local property prices and diminish home ownership rates. Additionally, short-term rental platforms like Airbnb have negatively impacted housing availability, shifting properties away from local residents. 📊 Policy Recommendations The analysis underscores a shift towards decreasing public expenditure on supply-side housing measures, such as social housing development, while demand-side measures have increased. Experts suggest that demand-side policies often exacerbate housing affordability issues rather than alleviate them. The report advocates for measures like recurring immovable property taxes to combat speculation and increase housing supply. 📅 EU Initiatives While the EU has limited direct influence over housing policy, it employs "soft power" through measures such as the European Pillar of Social Rights and the European Social Fund, aimed at improving access to affordable housing for vulnerable groups. The Housing Partnership Action Plan proposes actionable recommendations at the EU level, focusing on enhancing public housing availability. | |
Pierre Arnold; Marie Brandt | Urbamonde | Policy Brief | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Purpose The policy brief titled "Collaborative Housing in Europe: Living Laboratories of the Future" was created by Pierre Arnold and Marie Brandt. It aims to address the growing interest in collaborative housing models in Europe, particularly in light of the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Published by Urbamonde, a platform focused on urban cooperative initiatives, this brief highlights the diverse landscape of collaborative housing and its potential to foster resilience and sustainability in urban environments. 📊 Key Findings and Data The brief emphasizes that collaborative housing projects have shown significant benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic, with 96% of participants in collaborative housing reporting positive experiences regarding collective resilience. Furthermore, 87% highlighted improvements in health outcomes, while 79% noted enhanced living conditions. These findings suggest that collaborative housing not only promotes community well-being but also serves as a viable model for sustainable living. 🔑 Challenges to Expansion Despite the evident benefits, the brief raises critical questions about the limited number of collaborative housing projects across Europe. It identifies several barriers, including a lack of political will, insufficient knowledge about collaborative housing, restrictive legal frameworks, and challenges related to accessing land and funding. The authors argue that addressing these issues is essential for the growth of collaborative housing initiatives in the region. 📋 Policy Recommendations To foster the expansion of collaborative housing, the brief outlines key policy recommendations. These include increasing awareness and knowledge about collaborative housing among policymakers, creating supportive legal frameworks, ensuring access to land and financing, and facilitating the development of common spaces. Implementing these recommendations could significantly enhance the viability of collaborative housing as a sustainable living option. 🌍 Conclusion In conclusion, the policy brief presents collaborative housing as a promising solution to address urban challenges in Europe. By leveraging the lessons learned during the pandemic and implementing the recommended policies, stakeholders can create a more supportive environment for collaborative housing initiatives, ultimately contributing to more sustainable and resilient urban communities. | |
Speaking: Catarina Vila Nova, Irene Tinagli | Friends of Europe on YouTube | VideoArticlePolicy Brief | 2025 | 📅 Context and Background The video titled "Addressing the housing crisis: local solutions for a European problem?" was published on May 2, 2025, by Friends of Europe, an organization focused on fostering dialogue on policies that impact Europe. The episode features Catarina Vila Nova interviewing Irene Tinagli, an economist and Member of the European Parliament, who chairs the Special Committee on the Housing Crisis in the EU. The discussion addresses the urgent housing crisis affecting Europe, a long-standing issue that has escalated to critical levels, prompting the European Commission to establish a Housing Task Force. 🏘️ The Housing Crisis The housing crisis in Europe has intensified, characterized by a significant imbalance between demand and supply. A growing population, especially in urban centers, has led to increased pressure on housing markets, resulting in soaring prices that are unaffordable for lower and middle-income groups. Factors such as the rise of short-term rentals through platforms like Airbnb, combined with economic policies that incentivize foreign investments, have exacerbated the situation. Recent trends indicate that the crisis worsened sharply post-COVID-19, with prices rising dramatically in major cities. 📈 Economic Implications Tinagli highlights that the demand for housing has surged due to various factors, including increased construction costs and a growing preference for urban living. The economic rationale behind policies such as golden visas is to attract wealthy individuals who can contribute to local economies. However, these measures have inadvertently contributed to the housing crisis by inflating property prices and reducing affordability for local residents. 🛠️ Policy Responses and Recommendations To address these challenges, the European Parliament and various local governments are exploring different policies, including stricter regulations on short-term rentals and initiatives aimed at increasing the supply of affordable housing. The Special Committee on the Housing Crisis aims to evaluate existing policies and propose new strategies to mitigate the negative impacts on local communities. For instance, Barcelona has implemented measures to control rental prices, resulting in a notable decrease in rental costs for the first time in years. 🌍 Towards Sustainable Solutions The discussion emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to housing that incorporates welfare considerations. It advocates for policies that ensure safe and affordable housing is accessible to all, recognizing that housing is a fundamental component of welfare and personal development. As Europe grapples with this pressing issue, the call for sustainable housing solutions becomes ever more crucial in ensuring equitable access to safe living conditions for all citizens. | |
Sylvie Moreau, Alice Pittini & others | Housing International | Study / Report / Handbook | 2012 | 🌍 Context of the Report The report titled "Profiles of a Movement: Co-operative Housing around the World" was published in April 2012 by CECODHAS Housing Europe and ICA Housing. This publication coincided with the United Nations' International Year of Co-operatives 2012, a significant initiative aimed at showcasing the benefits and successes of cooperative enterprises globally. The report was coordinated by Sylvie Moreau and Alice Pittini, with editing contributions from Jane Cameron, James Thorogood, and Dominic Wood. It addresses the relatively unknown yet impactful sector of co-operative housing. 🏘️ Global Presence and Impact ICA Housing has a notable presence, with members across 30 countries, advocating for co-operative housing as a viable economic and social solution to housing needs. In Europe, CECODHAS Housing Europe represents approximately 12% of the existing dwellings within the EU. This organization oversees nearly 35,000 housing cooperatives that manage over 10.5 million dwellings, involving around 11 million members. This extensive network underscores the significance of cooperative housing in addressing housing challenges. 🔑 Housing Models and Historical Significance Co-operative housing models vary worldwide but share common characteristics, including joint ownership and democratic control by members, adhering to the principle of "one person, one vote." The roots of independent housing cooperatives trace back to the mid-19th century, with many of these organizations still operational today. Countries such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Sweden, and Norway recognize co-operative housing as a crucial component of their housing markets. 💡 Benefits of Co-operative Housing Housing cooperatives offer a sustainable approach to affordable housing by prioritizing member interests over profit maximization. This model contributes to price stability and fosters social cohesion among residents, providing a long-term perspective on housing solutions. By focusing on community needs, co-operative housing addresses essential housing concerns effectively. ⚠️ Challenges in the Sector Despite its benefits, the co-operative housing sector faces several challenges, including the need to adapt to increasing demand for affordable housing, respond to socio-demographic changes, and ensure environmental sustainability. These challenges necessitate ongoing efforts to innovate and improve the co-operative housing model to meet the evolving needs of communities. 📚 Conclusion This report serves as a vital resource for understanding the landscape of co-operative housing, its historical significance, and the current realities it faces. It highlights the potential of co-operative housing as a sustainable solution to the pressing issue of affordable housing in Europe and beyond. | |
Lavinia Steinfort, Mary Mellor, Stewart Lansley & others | Transnational Institute (TNI) | Article | 2019 | 🏛️ Context of the Publication "Public Finance for the Future We Want" is a collaborative effort published by the Transnational Institute (TNI), alongside The Democracy Collaborative and various other institutes dedicated to economic transformation and social justice. The publication was developed in response to the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, which heightened discussions around the dependency of public sectors on private finance to tackle inequalities and environmental challenges. 💰 Key Financial Insights The publication reveals a significant potential in public funds, which amount to 93% of global GDP, exceeding common perceptions of public financial capacity. It highlights pressing issues within the current financial system, including the failure of private finance to address social and environmental problems, and the extraction of public funds into private sectors, disproportionately benefiting a small elite. Notably, private financing of public projects is typically 40% more expensive than public financing, and tax evasion by multinational corporations costs the public sector around $650 billion annually. 🏡 Housing and Community Development The report emphasizes innovative housing solutions and community development strategies. Successful initiatives, such as the MOBA Housing Network in Central and South-Eastern Europe, showcase the effectiveness of cooperative housing models. Additionally, community wealth building is illustrated through the involvement of anchor institutions like hospitals and universities, which contribute to building resilient local economies. The cooperative model in Kerala, India, exemplifies how worker-run cooperatives can thrive even amidst neoliberal challenges. 🌍 Public Finance Innovation and Solutions The publication proposes transformative solutions for public finance, including the democratization of nationalized banks, the establishment of community-owned financial institutions, and the creation of public banking systems that prioritize climate infrastructure. It advocates for progressive citizen wealth funds, financed through increased taxation on private wealth, to maximize social value from existing assets. Furthermore, it suggests that state investment banks have been underutilized within the restrictive fiscal frameworks of the European Union. In conclusion, "Public Finance for the Future We Want" offers a comprehensive framework for leveraging public finance as a means of advancing social and environmental progress. It presents practical examples from around the globe of successful economic models that prioritize community needs, particularly in the realm of sustainable housing and cooperative development. | |
Peter Op ’t Veld, HI&A & others | HI&A | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Purpose The re-MODULEES Final Report outlines a comprehensive initiative aimed at fostering a sustainable retrofit market within the European residential building sector. This project, funded by the European Union's HORIZON 2020 program, aims to overcome barriers to large-scale renovations and promote energy efficiency in buildings. The report is produced by HI&A, with contributions from various project partners, including IRI UL, CNR, and others. 🏗️ Project Objectives and Methodology The main objective of re-MODULEES is to create an EU-wide retrofit market activation framework supported by digital and physical Renovation Hubs in seven pilot markets: Spain, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, and the Netherlands. The project emphasizes a modular approach, enabling tailored solutions for diverse regional conditions. It focuses on capitalizing on existing European projects' outputs and enhancing market uptake of innovative renovation practices. 📊 Key Achievements The project has established Local Advisory Boards (LABs) to engage stakeholders from the public, private, and financial sectors, fostering collaboration and knowledge transfer. It has also developed a digital platform that consolidates renovation tools, services, and resources, making them accessible to stakeholders. The re-MODULEES platform aims to facilitate decision-making, provide training, and support the implementation of renovation projects. 💡 Pilot Market Implementation The report documents the activation of seven pilot markets, each reflecting unique social, geographical, economic, and policy contexts. For instance, the Bulgarian re-HUB promotes a one-stop-shop model for easy access to renovation services, while the Spanish re-HUB integrates existing local OSS to streamline processes. The initiative emphasizes the importance of community engagement, providing tailored support to homeowners and building professionals. 📈 Sustainability and Future Directions The re-MODULEES project aims to ensure the sustainability of its outcomes by transitioning from LABs to permanent re-HUBs that will continue to operate after the project's completion. These hubs are designed to provide ongoing support and resources, fostering a culture of innovation and continuous improvement in the renovation sector. The project emphasizes the need for flexible business models and the importance of stakeholder collaboration to drive sustainable housing solutions across Europe. 🔍 Conclusion The re-MODULEES Final Report highlights the critical need for a coordinated approach to building renovation in Europe, emphasizing energy efficiency and sustainability. By leveraging existing resources, engaging local stakeholders, and developing comprehensive support structures, the project aims to create a more resilient and environmentally friendly built environment. | |
Alexis Kalagas | Assemble Papers | Article | 2019 | ### 🌍 Context of the Article This article, authored by Alexis Kalagas and published on Assemble Papers, delves into the concept of "Housing as a Service" and the evolution of commercial co-living as a viable alternative to traditional renting. Published on May 20, 2019, it reflects on trends in the sharing economy, where services are increasingly preferred over ownership. ### 🏢 The Rise of Co-Living The article highlights WeWork's significant impact on the real estate industry, noting its transformation from a co-working space provider to a pioneer in the co-living sector with the introduction of WeLive. WeWork's business model is based on leasing large spaces and subletting them, creating a flexible living environment designed for modern lifestyles. Co-living caters to a new generation of professionals seeking convenience, community, and comfort, often bundled in all-inclusive pricing models. ### 📈 Models of Co-Living Three main co-living models have emerged: 1. Digital Nomad Focus: Properties like Roam offer communal living and workspaces in desirable locations like Bali and Miami. 2. Institutionalized Share Houses: Ventures like LifeX convert large apartments into shared living spaces for select residents. 3. Hybrid Models: Companies such as WeLive and The Collective provide communal amenities alongside longer-term living arrangements, targeting residents who seek both community and privacy. ### 🚀 Urban Experimentation Cities like Berlin, San Francisco, London, and New York are hotbeds for co-living experimentation, driven by high housing pressures and a transient workforce. Critics argue that while these co-living spaces promote community, they may reduce private space in favor of higher yields, thus commodifying shared living arrangements. ### 🏠 The Australian Perspective In Australia, the emphasis on homeownership has historically overshadowed rental options. Recent reforms aim to better protect tenants in a rapidly expanding private rental market, where the number of renters is growing faster than overall household growth. The article discusses the shift in perception towards renters as consumers of space and services, suggesting that co-living can redefine landlord-tenant relationships. ### 🌱 Future of Housing The article posits that co-living may represent a significant shift towards sustainable housing models, merging quality, community, and affordability. Innovative housing solutions will need to balance these elements to address the evolving needs of urban populations. The potential for "housing-as-a-service" is explored, with examples from cities like Zürich showcasing professionalized, socially-oriented housing cooperatives that prioritize shared amenities and community engagement over exclusivity. | |
Andy Fergus | Assemble Papers | Article | 2019 | 🏡 Context and Background The article titled "Redesigning the Housing Market" was published by Assemble Papers, an outlet focused on design, architecture, and urbanism. Authored by urban designer Andy Fergus, the piece explores various alternative housing models that challenge the conventional market-driven approaches to housing. The research stems from Fergus's experiences and observations since 2013, particularly in cities like Berlin, where innovative housing solutions have emerged. 🌍 Alternative Housing Models Fergus identifies several models for financing housing that bridge the gap between state-funded public housing and speculative development. These models emphasize community involvement and sustainability, focusing on the quality and diversity of housing options. The research highlights that in cities like Melbourne, these alternative approaches have emerged despite limited government support, showcasing the potential for innovative housing solutions. 🔄 Ethical Market-Based Development One prominent model discussed is the Ethical Market-Based Development, which combines affordability and environmental sustainability. The Assemble Model allows residents to lease their homes while saving to buy, fixing both rent and purchase prices to provide stability. This model has shown success in Melbourne, where it operates without active government intervention. 🏢 Baugruppe and Self-Build Models Another model is the Baugruppe, or Building Group, where residents collectively finance their own apartment buildings. This approach fosters collaboration between residents and architects, resulting in high-quality, sustainable designs. However, the model often requires a substantial deposit, which can exclude lower-income households. The Zelfbouw model in the Netherlands allows individuals to design their own homes within a master plan, promoting community-driven development. 🏘️ Co-operative Housing and Co-housing Co-operative rental housing is especially prominent in Zürich, where co-operatives provide 25% of the housing stock. These entities operate on a long-term rental basis, enabling residents to contribute minimal equity while accessing affordable housing. Co-housing, originating from Denmark, emphasizes community participation and sustainability, with projects often designed to foster a strong sense of community among residents. 🌱 Conclusion The article emphasizes the need for innovative, community-focused housing solutions that prioritize sustainability and social equity. By exploring various models and their successes across Europe, Fergus highlights the potential for alternative approaches to reshape the housing landscape and address the growing challenges of affordability and environmental impact. | |
Antonio Fici, Gianluca Salvatori, Barbara Franchini & others | European Commission | Study / Report / Handbook | 2024 | 🌍 Context The "Report on Council Regulation (EC) - Statute for a European Cooperative Society (SCE)" was published by the European Commission in December 2024. Authored by Antonio Fici, Gianluca Salvatori, and Barbara Franchini from EURICSE, the report assesses the impact and relevance of the SCE regulation two decades after its adoption. The SCE serves as a cross-border cooperative legal framework applicable in EU/EEA member states, aiming to facilitate collaborative efforts toward sustainable development. 🏛️ Overview of the SCE Regulation Established by Council Regulation (EC) No. 1435/2003, the SCE provides a legal structure for cooperatives that operate across national borders within the EU/EEA. It mandates that members come from at least two different EU/EEA countries, ensuring democratic governance with a principle of one member, one vote. The regulation requires a minimum capital of €30,000 and allows for variable membership. Additionally, it enforces employee participation as per Directive 2003/72/EC. 📊 Current Status of SCEs As of June 2024, there are 113 registered SCEs, of which 75 are active and 29 have been dissolved. Germany leads in the number of active SCEs, hosting 25, while 13 member countries currently have no active SCEs. These cooperatives primarily operate in sectors such as renewable energy, agriculture, and housing, often focusing on community-driven objectives, which aligns with sustainable housing initiatives. 🚀 Positive Drivers for SCE Adoption Several factors encourage the adoption of SCEs. The cooperative principles of democratic governance and member-centric values are significant draws. SCEs also provide a viable alternative to restrictive national laws, allowing cooperatives to form in countries where such entities might face legal barriers. Furthermore, the cross-border flexibility of SCEs enables the transfer of registered offices across EU/EEA states, enhancing collaborative efforts in sustainable practices. ⚠️ Challenges Despite these advantages, SCEs face challenges such as complexity due to heavy reliance on national laws and high administrative costs. There is also low awareness among professionals and stakeholders regarding the benefits of SCEs. Additionally, perceived redundancy exists, as national cooperatives often fulfill similar needs at lower costs. 💡 Recommendations The report recommends retaining and simplifying the SCE Regulation by reducing references to national laws and lowering the capital requirement. It emphasizes the need for targeted awareness campaigns aimed at cooperatives, legal advisors, and policymakers. Moreover, it advocates for increased support and funding for SCEs, particularly in sectors like energy communities and digital innovation, which could further promote sustainable housing initiatives. | |
Marianne Sar | TU Wien | Academic Thesis | 2024 | 📄 Context and Publication The document titled "S in ESG: Assessment of Social Sustainability in Real Estate" is a master's thesis authored by Marianne Sar and published by TU Wien. The thesis addresses the increasing importance of social sustainability within the real estate sector, particularly in the context of ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) frameworks. The work emphasizes the challenges faced by companies in effectively integrating social aspects into their sustainability strategies and reporting, highlighting a notable gap between the theoretical recognition of the "S" in ESG and its practical implementation. 🏠 Social Sustainability in Real Estate The thesis discusses the critical need to disentangle the complexities of existing ESG regulations, reporting obligations, and certifications that hinder a standardized approach to evaluating social sustainability in real estate projects. It underscores that while ecological aspects like energy efficiency are often prioritized, social dimensions, including community engagement and accessibility, are equally vital for creating sustainable living environments. The study identifies local architectural considerations and community participation as essential criteria for enhancing social value in urban developments. 📊 Analysis of Certification Systems A key focus is the analysis of social taxonomy as a tool for systematically collecting social sustainability criteria. The work critically evaluates Austria's ÖGNI certification system for sustainable buildings, revealing limitations in its capacity to comprehensively capture social sustainability metrics. The thesis identifies additional social criteria necessary for a more nuanced and inclusive evaluation of social sustainability, culminating in the development of a criteria catalog that encompasses these social aspects. 📈 Innovative Assessment Models The document proposes a "Score Card" model for assessing social sustainability in real estate, providing a practical framework for companies to enhance transparency and optimize their properties' social performance. The findings suggest that integrating social sustainability into real estate practices can provide significant added value for companies, aligning with broader sustainability goals and contributing to improved community well-being. 🌍 Relevance for European Housing The study is particularly relevant for the pan-European audience interested in sustainable housing, as it addresses the urgent need to incorporate social dimensions into housing policies and practices. The findings aim to foster a deeper understanding of social sustainability in the real estate sector and offer practical approaches for its implementation across Europe, aligning with the EU's commitment to sustainability and social responsibility. | |
Christina Fuchs, Luis Elbaz, Valerie Schott & others | Good Impact | Article | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Publisher The article "So bauen und wohnen wir 2040" (How We'll Build and Live in 2040) is published by Good Impact, an organization focused on promoting sustainable practices. It envisions a future in which circular construction becomes the norm to meet climate goals, discussing innovative methods and technologies that could redefine urban living by 2040. 🏗️ Circular Construction Goals To achieve climate objectives, the article emphasizes the urgent need for circular construction. In 2021, land consumption was reported at 55 hectares per day in Germany, equivalent to about 78 football fields. The shift away from conventional demolition to careful dismantling of buildings, termed "urban mining," allows valuable materials to be reused, reducing waste and supporting sustainable practices. 🏡 Innovative Practices in Architecture Architect Christina Fuchs exemplifies the new approach to building design, focusing on "design by availability," where available materials dictate the construction process. This method allows for the gathering of building components from deconstructed sites, with Fuchs collecting materials like steel beams and ceiling elements for renovations. The integration of digital tools, such as material passports and digital scans of buildings, enhances efficiency in material sourcing. 🔋 Sustainable Construction Technologies The article highlights advancements in construction technology, such as the use of electric machinery and 3D printing of building components from recycled materials. The process of additive manufacturing enables the production of housing units without the need for extensive new construction. For instance, approximately 1.5 million housing units have been created in Germany through vertical expansion on existing structures. 🌱 Repurposing Existing Structures The article notes a trend of repurposing vacant buildings like churches and factories into residential spaces, significantly contributing to the housing supply without new land development. Architect Luis Elbaz is engaged in revitalizing an old cable factory into a residential building, aligning with regulations that prioritize the use of recycled materials. 🛠️ Room as a Service Valerie Schott discusses innovative housing solutions that transform underutilized spaces into shared living environments. Initiatives such as "Room as a Service" aim to allow flexible use of spaces, catering to diverse needs while maximizing resource efficiency. 🔄 Future of Sustainable Housing The construction sector aims for a 100% circular and emission-free model within the next decade. Countries like the Netherlands are leading the way with progressive building regulations and the introduction of CO2 taxes on materials, which incentivizes sustainable practices. The article concludes that a collaborative approach involving technology and innovative design can pave the way for a sustainable future in housing across Europe. | |
Grzegorz Gajewski | European Commission | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy BriefResearch Paper | 2024 | 🏠 Context The document titled "Social Housing and Beyond: Operational Toolkit on the Use of EU Funds for Investments in Social Housing and Associated Services" was produced by Mr. Grzegorz Gajewski under the European Commission's Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs, and Inclusion. Published by the Publications Office of the European Union in 2024, it serves as a comprehensive guide aimed at addressing the pressing housing challenges faced by EU Member States during the 2021–2027 programming period. 📉 Housing Crisis in the EU The report highlights the significant housing crisis within the European Union, where affordability and access to decent housing are critical issues. Between 2010 and 2023, house purchase prices surged by 48%, and rents increased by 23%. In 2022, approximately 8.7% of EU citizens spent over 40% of their disposable income on housing. The document underscores the importance of social housing as a foundation for fostering social inclusion, economic opportunities, and territorial cohesion. 💰 EU Funding Opportunities The toolkit outlines several EU funding mechanisms available to support investments in social housing and associated services: - Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF): Allocates €15.1 billion for social housing reforms, focusing on energy-efficient renovations and new public utility housing. - European Regional Development Fund (ERDF): Provides €215 billion for projects promoting socioeconomic inclusion through housing infrastructure and energy efficiency. - European Social Fund Plus (ESF+): Allocates €7.34 billion to improve access to housing-related services, such as eviction prevention. - InvestEU Programme: Offers €2.8 billion targeting affordable social housing projects for disadvantaged groups. - Horizon Europe: Funds innovative research into housing inequalities. - Affordable Housing Initiative: Pilots combining energy efficiency with affordable living. - Social Climate Fund: Allocates €65 billion for energy-efficient renovations in vulnerable households from 2026 to 2032. 📊 Case Studies and Recommendations The document features 20 case studies demonstrating successful applications of EU funds, such as Austria's €200 million project for affordable housing that delivered 1,100 social housing units. It recommends adopting a place-based approach to urban regeneration and a person-centered strategy for marginalized communities. ⚠️ Challenges Addressed Key challenges include rising living costs due to inflation, energy poverty affecting nearly 10% of EU citizens, and insufficient affordable rental units in urban centers. 🔑 Conclusion The toolkit emphasizes the critical role of EU funds in tackling social housing challenges, providing practical guidance on resource access and showcasing replicable case studies to inspire stakeholders in implementing inclusive housing solutions across Europe. | |
Willem Adema, Marissa Plouin, Jonas Fluchtmann & others | OECD | Policy Brief | 2020 | 📄 Context and Publisher Information The "Social Housing Policy Brief" was created by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) on September 4, 2023. The document discusses the significance of social housing in the context of affordable housing provisions and social welfare policies across Europe. 🏠 Importance of Social Housing Social housing represents over 28 million dwellings, accounting for approximately 6% of the total housing stock in OECD and non-OECD EU countries. This sector varies significantly across countries in terms of its definition, size, scope, target populations, and types of providers. For instance, social rental housing constitutes less than 10% of the total dwelling stock in most OECD and EU nations, while it exceeds 20% in countries like Austria, Denmark, and the Netherlands. 📉 Trends and Challenges The social housing sector has been shrinking in recent years, with only six countries reporting an increase. The decline is linked to reduced public investment and a growing concentration of lower-income tenants, which raises concerns regarding economic sustainability and the risk of spatial poverty concentration. Over one-third of low-income renters spend more than 40% of their disposable income on housing, indicating significant affordability challenges, which have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. 🌍 Future Directions The COVID-19 crisis has intensified the focus on housing affordability and quality, with renewed calls for investment in social housing as part of a sustainable economic recovery plan. The EU’s "Renovation Wave," part of the European Green Deal, emphasizes the need for enhancing the quality of social housing while ensuring that low-income households are not displaced during improvements. 🔑 Key Data and Facts - Social housing consists of more than 28 million dwellings. - It represents about 6% of the total housing stock in OECD and EU countries. - Countries like Austria, Denmark, and the Netherlands have over 20% of their housing stock in social housing. - A significant number of low-income renters are overburdened by housing costs, leading to calls for enhanced investment in social housing. The document serves as a crucial resource for understanding the dynamics of social housing and its role in addressing sustainable housing challenges across Europe. | |
Institute for Corporate Governance | Institute for Corporate Governance | Study / Report / Handbook | 2023 | The report titled "Social Impact Investing - DAS HANDBUCH FÜR EINE NEUE IMMOBILIENWIRTSCHAFT" was published by the Institute for Corporate Governance (ICG) in the German real estate industry in November 2023. This comprehensive guide provides valuable insights into social impact investing within the realm of real estate, aiming to foster a new economy that prioritizes social outcomes alongside financial returns. 🌍 Stakeholder Engagement One of the report's primary insights is the significance of engaging both shareholders and stakeholders in social impact investing. This approach extends beyond traditional financial investors to include employees, consumers, and broader society. The emphasis on dialogue among these groups is critical for successfully implementing social impact initiatives. 📜 Code of Conduct and Guidelines The report introduces a code of conduct for social impact investing that highlights the importance of values, meaning, and measurable impact. Furthermore, it outlines practical guidelines and presents various studies concerning asset classes, focusing on the interplay between financial return, societal value, and impact. 💬 Roundtable Discussions The ICG report features several roundtable discussions addressing key topics such as financing, investor engagement, the role of social carriers, and the involvement of cities and municipalities. Each discussion elaborates on objectives, current status, applications, and future prospects, providing a well-rounded perspective on the challenges and opportunities in social impact investing. 📢 Importance of Communication Effective communication and accompanying events play a crucial role in promoting social impact investing, according to the report. Events like the Corporate Responsibility Day and the German Real Estate Summit are highlighted as platforms for raising awareness and facilitating discussions around the integration of social impact in real estate investments. 🏆 Recognition of Excellence The report also introduces a Social Impact Investing Award to honor exemplary contributions to social impact investing within the real estate sector. This initiative seeks to motivate further advancements and recognition of best practices in the field. 🔮 Future Outlook In its concluding remarks, the report emphasizes the ongoing need for development and adaptation in social impact investing, particularly in response to emerging challenges and opportunities. It calls for a shift in mindset and a more significant integration of social dimensions into investment strategies, reinforcing the essential role of various stakeholders, including investors, municipalities, and social organizations, in driving meaningful change in the real estate market. | |
ICG | ICG | Article | 2023 | 📈 Kontext und Hintergrund Der Praxisleitfaden „Social Impact Investing“ wurde vom ICG (Institut für Corporate Governance) erstellt und am 7. Februar 2023 veröffentlicht. In einer Zeit, in der der Fokus in der globalen Ökonomie vor allem auf wirtschaftlicher Rendite und dem Shareholder Value lag, wird nun ein Wandel hin zu mehr Nachhaltigkeit und sozialer Verantwortung in der Unternehmensführung gefordert. Diese Veränderungen sind auch eine Reaktion auf den Klimawandel, die Pandemie und wachsende soziale Ungleichheiten, die in der Gesellschaft und der Wirtschaft zu einem Umdenken führen. 🏠 Die Rolle der Immobilienwirtschaft Die Immobilienwirtschaft ist von diesen Veränderungen besonders betroffen. Strengere gesetzliche Vorgaben, neue Regulierungen und Bewegungen wie „Fridays for Future“ erhöhen den Druck auf die Branche, um einen aktiven Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und zur sozialen Gerechtigkeit zu leisten. Gleichzeitig fordert der Kapitalmarkt Innovationen und nachhaltige Investitionsstrategien. 🌍 Social Impact Investing Social Impact Investing hat sich als eine innovative Bewegung etabliert, die sich durch eine klare Haltung und Partizipation auszeichnet. Dabei wird bei Anlageentscheidungen nicht nur die finanzielle Rendite, sondern auch die soziale und ökologische Wirkung des Investments bewertet. Dieser Ansatz verändert die Sichtweise auf Investments, indem er den Stakeholder Value in den Mittelpunkt rückt und das Engagement für soziale Belange fördert. 📘 Inhalt des Praxisleitfadens Der vorliegende Praxisleitfaden erläutert die grundlegenden Prinzipien und Mechanismen wirkungsorientierter Investitionen und überträgt diese erstmals auf die Immobilienwirtschaft. Ziel ist es, Investoren und Unternehmen ein besseres Verständnis für Social Impact Investing zu vermitteln und Wege aufzuzeigen, wie nachhaltige Investitionen in Immobilien realisiert werden können. Der Leitfaden stellt ein wertvolles Instrument dar, um die Integration von sozialen und ökologischen Aspekten in Investitionsentscheidungen zu fördern und somit einen positiven Einfluss auf die Gesellschaft und die Umwelt auszuüben. | |
Taco Brandsen, Sandro Cattacin, Adalbert Evers & others | Springer | Academic ThesisStudy / Report / HandbookResearch Paper | 2016 | 📄 Context and Publication "Social Innovations in the Urban Context" is part of the Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies series published by Springer, focusing on social innovation as a response to the challenges faced by urban environments. Edited by Taco Brandsen, Sandro Cattacin, Adalbert Evers, and Annette Zimmer, the book explores various social innovations that seek to address social cohesion and inequality in European cities. The editors are affiliated with notable institutions such as Radboud University Nijmegen and the University of Münster, bringing academic rigor to the analysis of urban social policies. 🏙️ Overview of Social Innovations The book discusses how social innovations can serve as effective responses to the pressing issues of social inequality and urban governance. It emphasizes the role of local governance arrangements in facilitating or hindering these innovations. The research included in the book was conducted as part of the EU-funded WILCO project, which aimed to identify patterns of social inequality in urban settings and showcase innovative practices that tackle these challenges. 🏡 Housing Policy Insights A significant focus of the book is on housing policy, particularly in cities like Münster, where the real estate market is experiencing both growth and challenges related to affordability. The document highlights that rising rents in Münster have become a critical issue, making it increasingly difficult for low-income residents to find affordable housing. As a result, the city has seen a decline in social housing, with new developments catering primarily to higher-income groups. 🔍 Strategies for Sustainable Housing The editors present sustainable housing strategies, such as the "Optionskommune" model, which allows municipalities to take control of local labor market policies. This model aims to integrate social policy with housing initiatives, promoting a more inclusive approach to urban living. The book advocates for a mix of strategies that include both public and private sector involvement in addressing housing shortages and improving living conditions. 🤝 Collaboration and Governance The book underscores the importance of collaborative governance, where public, non-profit, and private entities work together to create sustainable solutions. It points out that effective housing policies require the active participation of various stakeholders to ensure that diverse community needs are met. The editors argue that successful social innovations must be embedded in a context of cooperation and shared responsibility among local actors. 📈 Conclusion Overall, "Social Innovations in the Urban Context" presents a comprehensive examination of how cities can adapt to socio-economic challenges through innovative housing policies and collaborative governance frameworks. The insights provided are particularly relevant for policymakers, urban planners, and civil society organizations across Europe seeking to foster sustainable urban development. | |
Mark Edward Rose | WEF | Article | 2024 | Context and Publisher Information The item titled "Social value is the key to unlocking urban transformation" was created by Mark Edward Rose, Chair and Chief Executive Officer of Avison Young, and published by the World Economic Forum (WEF) on September 24, 2024. This article addresses the urgent need for urban regeneration in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the concept of social value in transforming urban environments. 🏙️ The Need for Urban Transformation Cities are facing significant challenges, including increased inequality and urban decline, exacerbated by the pandemic. Issues like online shopping, flexible working, affordable housing shortages, rising crime, and inflation have intensified these problems. The real estate sector, however, is beginning to embrace its role in addressing these challenges, moving beyond simple financial returns to consider social value outcomes. 🌱 Growing Focus on Social Value There is a notable shift in the private sector towards a broader environmental, social, and governance (ESG) agenda. Companies are beginning to prioritize social value in urban regeneration projects. For instance, Nuveen Real Estate aims for $15 billion in real estate assets under management by 2026 to address social deprivation and inequality. Similarly, Legal & General plans to invest £4 billion into urban regeneration in the West Midlands by 2031, highlighting a growing trend in impact investing, which has expanded by over 60% since 2020. 🤝 Mobilizing Investor Capital Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly seen as essential for unlocking large-scale urban development projects. These collaborations allow for shared resources, such as public land and favorable borrowing rates, which can de-risk projects and stimulate further private investment. ⚠️ Key Challenges to Urban Transformation Despite the increasing willingness to collaborate, three main challenges persist: 1. The time required to deliver urban regeneration projects amidst political changes. 2. The need for shared risk and return among participants, balancing social benefits with commercial viability. 3. The difficulty in quantifying and capturing non-financial social value benefits, especially in long-term projects aimed at improving community health and social integration. 🚀 The Path Forward While solutions exist for these challenges, there is no one-size-fits-all approach. Avison Young is collaborating with the World Economic Forum to address these issues, focusing on how local governments can effectively partner with the private sector to achieve social value outcomes that are crucial for revitalizing urban communities. | |
Michael LaFond, Giulia Carones, Alex Valder & others | id22: Institute for Creative Sustainability | Article | 2024 | 🏢 Context and Publication The eBook titled "Cooperative Social-Ecological Housing" was published in 2024 by id22: Institute for Creative Sustainability, based in Berlin, Germany. The institute is known for its focus on sustainable urban development and cooperative housing projects. The authors, a diverse team including Michael LaFond, Giulia Carones, and Alex Valder, are positioned as "activist-experts" with extensive experience in researching and working on cooperative housing initiatives. 🌍 Key Findings The book provides an in-depth analysis of how housing cooperatives in German-speaking countries can address pressing social and environmental issues. Among the key findings is the assertion that these cooperatives can effectively tackle crises such as climate change, housing affordability, and social inequality through innovative building and living approaches. 🏗️ Model Projects It features 12 model projects predominantly located in Berlin, showcasing various implementations of social-ecological cooperative housing. These projects range from the renovation of existing buildings to new construction, all aiming to provide affordable housing options while incorporating essential environmental features like energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The projects also emphasize shared resources and a balance between individual living spaces and communal areas. 💡 Ownership Models and Community Engagement Alternative ownership models, such as community land trusts and the Mietshäuser Syndikat, are highlighted as strategies to maintain affordability and prevent speculation in housing. The book emphasizes the importance of participatory planning and self-governance, where residents are heavily involved in decision-making processes, fostering a strong sense of community. ⚠️ Challenges and Policy Recommendations Despite the promising models, the authors note significant challenges, including financing difficulties, the need to balance affordability with ecological features, and ensuring long-term community engagement. The book advocates for increased policy support and financing options to help scale up these cooperative housing models across Europe. 📚 Conclusion Overall, the eBook positions cooperative and community-led housing as innovative solutions to contemporary housing, social, and environmental challenges. It aims to inspire and provide practical knowledge for individuals and organizations interested in developing similar sustainable housing projects across Europe, emphasizing the need for supportive policies to enhance their impact. | |
The Housing Agency & others | The Housing Agency, Ireland | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy BriefResearch Paper | 2021 | 🌍 Context and Publisher The report, published by The Housing Agency in Ireland in October 2020, addresses the pressing issue of affordable housing across Europe. It was created in response to the increasing demand for housing solutions amidst rising rents and limited supply, challenges exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Housing Agency serves as a key resource for housing policy and strategy in Ireland, collaborating with various stakeholders to promote sustainable housing initiatives. 🏘️ Summary of the Report The report presents a comprehensive analysis of social, affordable, and co-operative housing models across several European countries, including Switzerland, Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark. It encompasses 44 detailed case studies that highlight innovative approaches to tackling housing affordability, sustainability, and community integration. 🛠️ Key Findings A significant focus of the report is on diverse housing models, which include co-operative housing, mixed-use developments, and prefabricated structures. These models aim to foster inclusive communities and provide flexible living arrangements that adapt to the needs of residents. Many projects featured in the report prioritize sustainability through eco-friendly materials and energy-efficient designs, ensuring that buildings contribute positively to the environment. 🤝 Community Engagement The report emphasizes the importance of community engagement in the housing development process. Many projects actively involve future residents in design decisions, ensuring that new developments reflect the actual needs of the community. This participatory approach is vital in fostering a sense of ownership and cohesion among residents. 🏡 Innovative Solutions The case studies illustrate innovative architectural solutions that marry modern design with traditional elements, often integrating green spaces and communal areas to enhance overall quality of life. These design strategies not only improve living conditions but also promote social interaction among residents. 📜 Policy and Regulation The report also explores the various policies and regulations implemented by different countries to support non-speculative housing initiatives. This includes government subsidies, regulatory frameworks, and incentives aimed at encouraging sustainable development practices. Overall, this report is a valuable resource for policymakers, architects, and housing developers seeking to understand and address contemporary housing challenges in Europe, providing critical insights into sustainable housing solutions. | |
Manuel Ahedo; Joris Hoekstra; Aitziber Etxezarreta & others | The Association for Social Economics | Research Paper | 2021 | 📚 Context This document discusses the emerging model of socially oriented cooperative housing as a viable alternative to housing speculation in Europe, particularly in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Spain. It was created by researchers from the Delft University of Technology and the University of Copenhagen, namely Manuel Ahedo, Joris Hoekstra, and Aitziber Etxezarreta. Their analysis addresses how cooperative housing can contribute to social cohesion and combat economic inequality resulting from speculative housing markets. 🏘️ Housing Systems Overview The paper highlights that national housing systems in Europe consist of three main sectors: private property, social rental, and cooperative housing. The authors argue that the dominant private property sector has led to housing speculation, which contributes to economic inequality and instability. Socially oriented cooperative housing is presented as a solution that fosters socio-spatial cohesion and provides affordable housing options for diverse population segments. 🌍 Comparative Analysis The study compares cooperative housing frameworks across Denmark, the Netherlands, and Spain, examining public policies and regulations that promote or hinder cooperative housing development. In Denmark, cooperative housing (andelsbolig) accounts for about 7-8% of the housing stock, supported by a sustainable mortgage model and a long tradition of civil associationism. In the Netherlands, despite having a larger social rental sector, cooperative housing remains marginal, although recent policies aim to revitalize this sector. Spain has historically prioritized individual ownership, with cooperative housing primarily used for subsidized homeownership, but recent trends indicate a growing interest in cooperative models. 📈 Recent Developments The authors note that cooperative housing is gaining renewed political and institutional momentum across Europe. In Denmark, supportive regulations have facilitated cooperative housing's growth, while the Netherlands is seeing a rise in interest post-2015 housing law reforms that reintroduce cooperatives as a relevant legal form. In Spain, new forms of cooperatives are emerging in response to the 2008 financial crisis, with a focus on community-oriented housing, particularly for seniors and intergenerational living. 🔑 Key Findings The study concludes that the future of cooperative housing relies on effective dialogue and collaboration between public institutions and civil society. It emphasizes the necessity of policies that promote socially oriented cooperative housing to combat the challenges posed by speculative markets and ensure equitable access to affordable housing across Europe. | |
Agnieszka Kulesa, Agnieszka Maj, Aleksandra Owczarek & others | European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperPolicy Brief | 2024 | 🏛️ Context and Publication The study titled “Affordable Sustainable Housing in the EU” was published in 2024 by the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC), an advisory body of the European Union that represents various civil society organizations. The research was conducted by the Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE) and authored by Agnieszka Kulesa, Agnieszka Maj, Aleksandra Owczarek, Anna Wiktorow-Bojska, and Karolina Zubel. This comprehensive study provides critical insights into the challenges and opportunities surrounding affordable sustainable housing in the EU. 🏘️ Housing Crisis Overview Housing affordability has emerged as a pressing issue across Europe, with urban households spending over 40% of their disposable income on housing. The report highlights that more than 10% of urban and 7% of rural households face these challenges, exacerbated by rising construction costs, increasing mortgage rates, the growth of short-term rentals, and crises such as COVID-19 and energy supply issues. Climate change also poses significant impacts on housing infrastructure, necessitating urgent policy action. 📊 Key Findings on Affordability and Sustainability The study defines affordable housing as costs that do not exceed 30-40% of household income, ensuring prices are at or below market rate relative to Area Median Income. Sustainability is broken down into five dimensions: habitability and comfort, community and connectivity, economic accessibility, resource efficiency and circularity, and resilience to climate impacts. 🌍 EU Policy Landscape The report outlines several key EU initiatives aimed at addressing these challenges, including the European Pillar of Social Rights, the European Green Deal, and the Urban Agenda for the EU. It identifies four governance models among Member States, ranging from concentrated to sectoral structures, which influence the implementation of housing policies. 🔄 Implementation Trends Significant trends include a shift from supply-side to demand-side measures since 2009, decentralization of housing authority, and increased involvement of the private sector. Digital transformation is also noted, with varying levels of digitalization across member countries and the adoption of technologies like Building Information Modeling (BIM). 🔮 Future Directions For the medium term, the study emphasizes goals such as doubling building renovation rates and creating 160,000 green jobs by 2030. Long-term objectives include achieving carbon neutrality in the housing sector by 2050 and developing integrated sustainable housing systems. 📈 Conclusion This research serves as a vital resource for policymakers, housing providers, civil society organizations, urban planners, and investors, addressing Europe’s housing challenges while aligning with climate objectives and social needs. | |
BPIE & Ramboll | Publications Office of the European Union | Study / Report / HandbookPolicy BriefResearch Paper | 2024 | 📅 Context and Publication The report titled "Sufficiency in the Building Sector – for the EU Whole Life Carbon Roadmap," prepared by BPIE and Ramboll, was published in August 2024. It aims to support the European Union's roadmap for reducing whole life carbon emissions in the building sector. The authors emphasize the urgent need to address both climate and housing crises by prioritizing the use of existing buildings over new construction. 🏠 Sufficiency Policies and Objectives The document outlines sufficiency policies as a strategic approach to optimize the existing building stock, which could significantly mitigate climate impacts. It highlights that 38% of buildings in the EU are underoccupied, with some Member States reaching over 60%. By utilizing existing spaces, such as converting offices into residential units or mobilizing vacant properties, the report estimates a potential reduction of 9 million tonnes of CO2 emissions annually in Germany alone. 🌍 Case Studies Across Europe The report includes several case studies from various EU regions that illustrate the effectiveness of sufficiency measures. For instance, the "1Roof2Ages" initiative in Belgium matches seniors with unused space in their homes with students, creating 5,220 matches since 2009. Another example is the Polish study by Habitat for Humanity, which identifies 1.5 million vacant units, indicating a substantial resource for affordable housing. The French government's "Plan to Combat Vacant Housing" aims to reintegrate long-term vacant properties into the housing market, with estimates suggesting that mobilizing these properties could lead to 300,000 new housing units. 💡 Benefits Beyond Carbon Reduction Implementing sufficiency measures not only addresses carbon emissions but also supports social goals like alleviating housing shortages and promoting intergenerational living. The report emphasizes that adapting existing buildings typically incurs lower costs and has shorter implementation timelines compared to new construction. The overall benefits include resource conservation, preservation of green spaces, and reduced urban sprawl, aligning with the EU's broader sustainability objectives. 📊 Challenges and Recommendations Despite the opportunities, the report notes several challenges including economic disincentives, the need for tailored approaches based on local contexts, and limited data on vacant properties. It calls for increased collaboration among policymakers, researchers, and community organizations to develop effective sufficiency initiatives and promote knowledge-sharing across various regions of Europe. | |
Jennifer Hahn & others | Dezeen | Article | 2022 | 🌍 Context and Background The article titled "Sustainable living is 'not viable outside cities'" was published by Dezeen, a prominent design and architecture website. The piece features insights from Hélène Chartier, head of zero-carbon development at C40 Cities, a network focused on promoting sustainable urbanism. Chartier discusses critical findings from the latest climate report by the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), emphasizing the urgent need for cities to adapt to climate change while enhancing their sustainability. 🏙️ The Role of Cities in Sustainability According to Chartier, urban areas are essential for housing the growing global population sustainably. Currently, cities accommodate 55% of the world's population but are responsible for 60% of emissions. The report indicates that living in cities is the most effective option for reducing emissions, as urban environments facilitate efficient public transport and sustainable energy management. Chartier asserts that developing the necessary infrastructure for sustainable living is only feasible in densely populated areas. 🌡️ Climate Change and Urban Planning The IPCC report highlights that cities have not adequately prepared for the impacts of climate change, which are already evident in various regions. With the urban population expected to rise to nearly 70% by 2050, poorly planned urban growth could exacerbate global warming. Chartier stresses the need for cities to be decarbonized, greener, more compact, and resilient against climate-related hazards. She emphasizes the importance of both mitigation and adaptation in urban planning. 🏗️ Architects' Responsibilities Chartier calls on architects to take responsibility for reducing the carbon footprint of buildings, which account for roughly half of urban emissions. She advocates for a comprehensive approach to urban planning, including enforcing growth boundaries to minimize travel distances and promoting self-sufficient neighborhoods. Additionally, she argues for mandatory climate change risk assessments for all building projects to ensure they are designed with future climate risks in mind. 🌱 Nature-Based Solutions To combat climate change, Chartier recommends incorporating nature-based solutions such as green roofs, permeable surfaces, and local green spaces into urban projects. These strategies can help absorb rainwater, lower temperatures, and promote biodiversity, contributing to more resilient urban environments. Overall, the article underscores the critical intersection of urban planning, sustainability, and climate change adaptation, highlighting the urgent need for action in the coming decades. | |
David J. Thompson | Shelterforce | Article | 2024 | 📅 Context and Publication This article, authored by David J. Thompson and published by Shelterforce on October 25, 2024, addresses the housing supply crisis affecting low- to moderate-income households in the United States. It highlights the inadequacies of current funding programs and presents Sweden's housing cooperatives as a potential model for sustainable, moderate-income housing solutions. 🏠 The Housing Crisis in the U.S. In the U.S., the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program aids low-income families, but similar support for moderate-income households is lacking. Families earning between 80 and 120 percent of the area median income (AMI) face significant barriers to homeownership, leading to an increasing demand for affordable housing options. Limited equity housing cooperatives (LEHCs) are proposed as a sustainable solution for providing permanently affordable homeownership, but they require government support to develop effectively. 🇸🇪 Sweden's Cooperative Housing Model Sweden has successfully integrated cooperative housing into its market, with nearly 25% of the country’s housing stock consisting of cooperatives. Organizations like HSB Riksförbund and Riksbyggen manage a significant number of these units, with over 675,000 active members in HSB alone. The cooperative model allows low- and moderate-income families to hold ownership shares in apartment buildings, promoting affordable housing solutions. 📉 Impact of Economic Factors The 2023 recession in Sweden has caused disruptions in the housing sector, with many municipalities selling off publicly owned apartments to private investors. This shift has led to a decrease in affordable housing availability, which poses challenges for moderate-income families. The largest private real estate company, SBB, experienced a dramatic decline in its share value, further complicating the landscape for affordable housing. 🔍 Lessons for the U.S. The article emphasizes the importance of building a national organization to support regional cooperative associations, akin to Sweden's HSB model. By leveraging community savings, such as the nearly $500 million saved by future co-op residents, the U.S. could develop new housing cooperatives. The report calls for a renewed focus on cooperative housing as a viable option for moderate-income families, advocating for government programs that support this model. 👤 About the Author David J. Thompson has co-developed non-profit and cooperative housing initiatives that have provided shelter to over 10,000 individuals. His experience positions him as a knowledgeable advocate for sustainable housing solutions. | |
TAN Suee Chieh, Chuin Ting Weber & others | International Co-operative Alliance | Article | 2016 | 📄 Context and Publisher "The Capital Conundrum for Co-operatives" is a comprehensive report published in 2016 by the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA), an organization dedicated to promoting and supporting cooperatives worldwide. The report emerges from the Alliance's Blue Ribbon Commission, which focuses on the challenges co-operatives face, particularly in accessing suitable long-term capital necessary for sustainable growth. 🔑 Key Findings The report highlights the complex relationship between co-operative capital and Co-operative Principles, emphasizing the importance of "philosophical capital" over mere financial investment. It proposes three main approaches to capital engagement for co-operatives: adhering to Co-operative Principles while seeking capital beyond membership, adapting to market realities while preserving existing principles, and transforming both market paradigms and principles to reflect changing contexts. 📊 Case Studies Noteworthy case studies in the report include worker cooperatives that demonstrate higher survival rates when utilizing indivisible reserves, Rabobank's innovative use of member certificates as hybrid capital instruments, and Fonterra's creation of a fund that allows farmers to sell economic rights while retaining voting control. These examples illustrate the practical implications of the report's findings and the potential for innovative solutions in capital raising. ⚖️ Compatibility of External Capital A crucial finding is that external capital can align with cooperative philosophy if structured correctly. It is emphasized that external investors should not gain voting power and that their rewards should not be tied to profitability maximization. This insight is significant for cooperatives aiming to raise capital while maintaining their core values. 📝 Conclusion The report concludes that while cooperatives face unique challenges in accessing capital, there are viable solutions that allow them to preserve their identity while meeting modern capital needs. The authors, who are specialists in various cooperative sectors, have contributed diverse insights on capital building across different types of cooperatives, from worker cooperatives to large financial institutions. The collective expertise presented in the report serves as a valuable resource for cooperatives navigating the complexities of capital access in a sustainable manner. | |
Bo Bengtsson | Taylor & Francis | Article | 2024 | The changing role of cooperatives in the Swedish housing regime - a path dependence analysis 📅 Context This article, authored by Bo Bengtsson, was published in March 2024 in Housing Studies, a reputable journal that focuses on housing policy, practice, and research. It delves into the historical development of cooperative housing in Sweden from a path dependence perspective, highlighting the significance of this sector, which constitutes approximately 25% of the total housing stock in the country. 🔑 Key Findings The article identifies three critical junctures that have significantly influenced the path of cooperative housing in Sweden: 1. The Tenant-Ownership Act of 1930: This legislation established tenant-ownership as a distinct form of housing tenure, laying the groundwork for future developments in the sector. 2. Post-WWII Universal Housing Regime: The introduction of this regime positioned cooperative housing as a central player in the Swedish housing landscape, ensuring its integration into broader housing policies. 3. Deregulation in 1968-1969: This period marked a shift towards marketization, which allowed for further expansion of the cooperative sector. At each juncture, national politicians, particularly from the Social Democrats, and leaders of cooperative organizations were the primary change agents, while the influence of cooperative members was relatively limited compared to similar movements in Norway. 🔍 Mechanisms of Change The study discusses how the mechanisms of efficiency, legitimacy, and power operated throughout these reforms, contributing to a path-dependent trajectory. The long-term implications of these reforms were more profound than initially anticipated: - The 1930 Act provided stability to cooperative housing. - The reforms of the 1940s solidified cooperatives' central role within the universal housing framework. - The 1968 deregulation facilitated the marketization of the housing sector. 📈 Evolution of the Cooperative Sector Since the 1930s, the cooperative housing sector has consistently grown, now accounting for 25% of Sweden's housing stock. Over time, its role has evolved from a social movement aimed at providing affordable housing to a key component of the national housing regime, and more recently, a marketized form of tenure. ⚖️ Fragility of Cooperative Housing The author posits that the Swedish model of social housing through cooperatives exhibits fragility due to conflicting ownership and socio-political objectives. Once marketization commenced, reversing the trend proved challenging. 🌍 Applicability of the Analysis The path dependence framework utilized in this analysis may offer valuable insights into cooperative housing development in other countries, focusing on critical junctures, key actors, and mechanisms of change. | |
Olaf Grawert, Alina Kolar & others | HouseEurope! on YouTube | Video | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Purpose "The Demolition Drama," published by HouseEurope! and featuring contributions from authors Olaf Grawert and Alina Kolar, addresses the pressing issue of building demolition across Europe. This documentary emphasizes the need for sustainable practices in the construction industry, highlighting the detrimental effects of speculation and financialization on urban development and social equity. 📉 Current State of Construction The construction sector is responsible for 38% of all CO2 emissions in the EU, with only 1% of Europe’s buildings being renovated annually. At this rate, it could take nearly 100 years to address the current building stock, far exceeding the EU's 2050 climate goals. The film argues that the ongoing demolition of buildings is a practice that prioritizes profit over community needs and sustainability. 🛠️ Call to Action HouseEurope! is mobilizing support for a European Citizens' Initiative aiming for 1 million signatures to advocate for new laws that make renovation more accessible, affordable, and socially beneficial. The documentary suggests that embracing renovation could revolutionize urban development, benefiting architects, builders, and policymakers committed to sustainable progress. 📊 Financialization and its Impacts The documentary delves into how financial markets shape the construction landscape, often treating housing as an investment opportunity rather than a basic need. The speculative nature of real estate leads to inflated land prices, driven by global financial interests, diminishing the social fabric of communities. This financialization process extracts value from collective societal contributions, further complicating access to affordable housing. 🌍 Benefits of Renovation The film argues that renovation is not only economically viable but also socially and environmentally beneficial. It posits that the current construction practices, which favor demolition, are outdated and counterproductive. The documentary presents renovation as a sensible alternative, providing a pathway to create greener, sustainable urban environments that respect the history and integrity of existing structures. 📅 Urgency for Change With the construction industry at a critical juncture, the documentary calls for immediate action to rethink urban development strategies. It urges stakeholders to recognize the value of existing buildings and implement incentives for renovation rather than demolition, thereby fostering a culture of sustainability and community resilience in European cities. | |
Teaching team members, students, & others. | Stanford | Article | 2021 | ## 📚 Context and Purpose The Design Thinking Bootleg, published by Stanford's d.school, serves as a comprehensive resource for individuals and teams interested in applying design thinking methodologies. Created by educators, students, and global designers, this toolset is designed to facilitate creative processes and problem-solving in various contexts, including sustainable housing. The Bootleg is an evolution of the earlier Design Thinking Bootcamp Bootleg and incorporates new tools to enhance user experience. ## 🎴 Tools and Methods This resource consists of a deck of cards, each representing different tools and methods integral to the design thinking process. Users can start using these cards at any point, making them versatile in application. The cards are designed to promote innovation and provide actionable examples, helping users navigate challenges and generate fresh ideas. The methodology encourages experimentation and iterative learning, which aligns well with the goals of sustainable housing projects that often require adaptive solutions. ## 🌍 Application in Sustainable Housing The Design Thinking Bootleg can be particularly beneficial for professionals working in sustainable housing. By employing the tools and methods outlined in the Bootleg, stakeholders can better address the complexities of creating environmentally friendly and efficient living spaces. The cards cover five distinct modes of design thinking, which are color-coded for easy identification. This organization allows users to quickly find relevant tools that can help in brainstorming sessions, prototyping, and user feedback collection, all critical elements in developing sustainable housing solutions. ## 📥 Accessibility and Usage The Design Thinking Bootleg is available in a digital format and can also be printed to create a physical deck. This flexibility ensures that users can access the resource in a way that best suits their working style. The emphasis on collaboration and iterative processes within design thinking makes this tool relevant for teams focused on sustainable practices, enabling them to innovate effectively and implement solutions that are both practical and environmentally responsible. ## 🔗 Conclusion In summary, the Design Thinking Bootleg is an essential resource for anyone involved in design thinking, with particular relevance to those in the sustainable housing sector. Its user-friendly format and the wealth of insights it provides make it a valuable tool for fostering creativity and driving impactful change in housing solutions across Europe. | |
Juli Carrere, Alexia Reyes, Laura Oliveras & others | BioMed Central | Article | 2020 | 📝 Context The article titled "The effects of cohousing model on people’s health and wellbeing: a scoping review" was published by BioMed Central in the Public Health Reviews journal on October 6, 2020. The authors Juli Carrere, Alexia Reyes, Laura Oliveras, Anna Fernández, Andrés Peralta, Ana M. Novoa, Katherine Pérez, and Carme Borrell conducted this review to explore the relationship between cohousing arrangements and health outcomes, emphasizing the potential of cohousing as a sustainable housing model. 🏘️ Cohousing as a Social Determinant of Health Cohousing is defined as a form of community living that blends private and communal spaces, fostering social networks and healthy environments. The review highlights that housing is a significant social determinant of health, with evidence suggesting that communal living can reduce feelings of loneliness and enhance wellbeing, particularly among seniors. The authors found that 10 out of 25 studies analyzed indicated a positive association between cohousing and improved physical and mental health outcomes. 📊 Key Findings The literature review retrieved 2,560 articles, ultimately selecting 25 for comprehensive analysis. These studies primarily focused on high-income countries, with 10 examining the impact of cohousing on health and wellbeing. Of these, eight studies reported positive health associations, particularly concerning psychosocial determinants such as social support and community sense. The review revealed that the cohousing model could enhance health and wellbeing, mediated by factors like social support, sense of community, and reduced social isolation. However, the overall quality of evidence was deemed low, primarily due to the cross-sectional and qualitative nature of most studies. 🌍 Growth of Cohousing in Europe Cohousing has its roots in Denmark and has gained traction in various high-income regions, including the USA, Europe, and Australia, in recent years. This resurgence has been fueled by a collective desire for community connection and the rejection of traditional consumption patterns, alongside issues of housing affordability and quality. The article stresses the importance of continued research into this model to ascertain its potential for addressing social isolation and promoting health, particularly in urban settings. 🔍 Research Gaps and Future Directions The authors call for further studies to fill existing gaps in knowledge regarding the health impacts of cohousing. They emphasize the need for more robust evidence on how different tenure arrangements within cohousing might influence health outcomes, urging a focus on both psychosocial and material pathways that could enhance the understanding of this innovative housing solution. The review ultimately aims to inform evidence-based policies and encourage the development of sustainable housing models that promote social cohesion and health. | |
Rem Koolhaas, Stephan Petermann & others | The Guardian on YouTube | Article | 2019 | 📅 Context and Background In May 2019, just before the European elections, Dutch architects Rem Koolhaas and Stephan Petermann created a four-minute film highlighting the value of EU membership. Released by The Guardian, the film seeks to reshape the often negative perception of the EU and emphasizes its key achievements. With the cost of EU membership likened to a Netflix subscription, the film outlines why this investment is worthwhile for UK citizens and Europeans alike. 💰 Cost Comparison The film compares EU membership fees to the cost of a Netflix subscription, which is approximately £7.99 in the UK and €11.99 in Europe. This comparison aims to illustrate that the benefits provided by the EU are substantial relative to the cost incurred by member states. 🌍 Key Initiatives and Projects The film lists numerous initiatives funded by the EU, including the improvement of 15,000 miles of roads, railways, and canals, which contribute to sustainable infrastructure. It also highlights the EU’s role in protecting 1,322 species of animals and plants, demonstrating a commitment to environmental sustainability. The EU is portrayed as a vital player in funding critical medical research and promoting global peace efforts. 🔍 Importance of Understanding EU Contributions Koolhaas emphasizes the need for voters to recognize the EU's contributions, particularly among young people. The film aims to combat the simplistic narratives surrounding EU membership by providing concise, well-designed information that outlines the positive impact of the EU on various aspects of life, including human rights and consumer protections. 📈 Economic Impact The film underscores the EU's role in holding large corporations accountable, having imposed fines exceeding £18 trillion for price manipulation. This highlights the EU's commitment to maintaining fair market practices, which can lead to more equitable economic conditions for all citizens. 🤝 The Role of Leadership Koolhaas notes that many national politicians have historically used the EU as a scapegoat for domestic issues. However, there is a growing recognition among leaders, including the Dutch Prime Minister, of the importance of the EU to national interests. The film presents a proactive stance on the future of Europe and the potential for collaboration among member states to foster sustainable development. In conclusion, the film serves as a call to action for voters to appreciate the tangible benefits of EU membership, not only in terms of economic value but also in fostering sustainable initiatives that contribute to the well-being of communities across Europe. | |
Pop-Up City | Greystar | Study / Report / Handbook | 2021 | 🌍 Context and Publisher OverviewThe Future of Urban Living Is Now is a publication by Greystar, a renowned global leader in rental housing with a mission to develop flexible, community-oriented housing solutions across cities in continental Europe. Released on March 24, 2021, the publication was conceptualized and directed by Pop-Up City, which is responsible for the text and art direction. This book serves as a crucial tool for Greystar to introduce its vision and projects to partners and suppliers within the real estate sector. 🏙️ Trends Shaping Urban Living The publication provides an inspiring look into the future of the urban housing market, highlighting various trend drivers and signals that are currently shaping urban living. It emphasizes that many of these trends are not just theoretical but are being implemented today. By examining the evolving landscape of urban housing, Greystar aims to address the pressing need for sustainable living solutions in an increasingly urbanized world. 🏘️ Greystar's Role and Projects Greystar outlines its commitment to creating sustainable, community-focused housing. The publication details various projects in the United Kingdom, showcasing how these initiatives contribute to transforming urban spaces. Notably, the book invites readers to explore Campus Diemen Zuid, where they can meet onsite staff, residents, and entrepreneurs who are part of the Greystar community. 🌟 Introducing OurDomain A significant portion of the publication is dedicated to Greystar’s brand, OurDomain. It articulates the brand values and highlights ongoing projects designed to foster residential communities in urban settings. The book delves into the transformation of areas previously dominated by monofunctional office spaces into vibrant residential communities. 🔮 Looking to the Future The publication concludes by envisioning the future development of OurDomain. It discusses potential growth strategies and how Greystar plans to adapt to future housing demands while maintaining a focus on sustainability. The insights provided aim to inspire stakeholders across Europe to consider innovative housing solutions that align with contemporary urban living needs. | |
Albert Saiz | MIT Center for Real Estate | Research Paper | 2023 | 🏘️ Context of the Research The paper titled "The Global Housing Affordability Crisis: Policy Options and Strategies" was published by the MIT Center for Real Estate, an esteemed institution known for its research in urban studies and planning. Authored by Albert Saiz, associated with the IZA Institute of Labor Economics and the MIT Department of Urban Studies and Planning, the paper was posted on March 29, 2023, and aims to address the pressing issue of housing affordability worldwide. 📈 Rising Housing Prices and Income Disparity The research highlights a concerning trend: housing prices are escalating at a pace that outstrips income growth in numerous regions globally. This disparity is not only affecting individual well-being but is also fostering social discontent among populations. The paper argues that passive responses from municipal and national governments are no longer viable solutions to this crisis. ⚖️ Policy Tradeoffs and Goals Saiz emphasizes the importance of explicitly defining policy objectives related to housing. By acknowledging the tradeoffs involved in various housing policies, governments can make more informed decisions. He advocates for broad bipartisan consensus on land-use policies due to the long-lasting effects of real estate development. 💰 Targeted Subsidies and Economic Strategies The author cautions against blanket subsidies, arguing that public resources are limited and should be carefully targeted to avoid negative economic effects. The paper outlines thirty major economic strategies that inform housing policies globally, discussing their advantages and potential drawbacks. 🌍 Global Case Studies and Implementation To illustrate the effectiveness of housing programs, the paper provides several global case studies that demonstrate successful implementations of these economic strategies. Saiz stresses that effective housing initiatives must account for the anticipated behavioral responses of individuals, firms, governments, and markets. He concludes that successful execution of these programs requires a professional and unideological approach. In conclusion, this research paper presents a comprehensive overview of the global housing affordability crisis, providing insights into effective policy options and strategies that can be employed to create sustainable housing solutions. | |
Annalisa Piras | Civis Media on YouTube | Video | 2016 | 🌍 Context of Creation "The Great European Disaster Movie" was created in 2016 as a co-production between BBC, ARTE, and SVT. This documentary film, directed by Annalisa Piras, garnered the Civis Media Award for its compelling exploration of the challenges facing the European Union (EU) and its member states. The film addresses the growing concerns regarding nationalism, political dissatisfaction, and the potential collapse of the EU, all of which have significant implications for various sectors, including sustainable housing. 📽️ Overview of the Film The narrative begins with eight-year-old Jane Monetti on a flight to Berlin. As turbulence grips the plane, she engages with archeologist Charles Granda, who explains the historical significance and the current state of the EU. The film rewinds to 2014, using a mix of interviews, archival footage, and dramatization to reflect on the EU's past, present, and future. It emphasizes the organization’s achievements, such as maintaining peace in Europe since World War II, while also highlighting urgent reforms needed to address its undemocratic political structures. 🏘️ Relevance to Sustainable Housing Sustainable housing is a crucial aspect of the broader European socio-political landscape. As countries grapple with the challenges of nationalism and political fragmentation, the focus on sustainable development in housing becomes even more pressing. The film illustrates how the EU has fostered collaborative efforts among member states to promote sustainable practices, including the construction of eco-friendly homes and energy-efficient buildings. It serves as a reminder that the stability and unity within the EU can significantly influence sustainable housing initiatives across Europe. 📊 Key Data and Facts The film presents a stark warning about the potential regression to isolated nation-states, which could severely hinder collaborative efforts in addressing environmental and housing challenges. It posits that without a strong, united EU, efforts to tackle pressing issues like climate change, resource allocation, and sustainable urban planning could falter. The documentary underscores the importance of a cohesive approach towards sustainable housing, advocating for policies that prioritize environmental sustainability alongside economic growth. 🌟 Conclusion "The Great European Disaster Movie" is not just a political commentary but a vital examination of Europe’s future, particularly in the context of sustainability. It calls on Europeans to recognize the value of unity in confronting the challenges that lie ahead, including the urgent need for sustainable housing solutions that can support the well-being of future generations. | |
NASCO | NASCO | Study / Report / Handbook | 2022 | 🌍 Context of the Report The report titled "The Health of our Sector - Housing Coop Report" was created by the North American Students of Cooperation (NASCO), an umbrella organization focused on educating and organizing new generations of cooperators within the housing sector. The report was released on April 21, 2022, and highlights the health assessments of 24 member-owned housing cooperatives across North America. 📊 Purpose of the Health Assessments The primary objectives of conducting these health assessments and compiling the aggregate report are threefold: first, to document and share best practices among different group equity housing cooperatives; second, to provide member co-ops with an external perspective on their growth and development; and third, to suggest emerging goals that member cooperatives may not yet be commonly adopting but that are becoming more prevalent within the sector. 🔍 Insights from Member Cooperatives Through interviews and evaluations, NASCO aims to enrich the cooperative housing movement by fostering a culture of learning and improvement. The insights gathered from these member-owned cooperatives serve as a valuable resource for sharing knowledge and experiences, ultimately contributing to the sustainability and resilience of cooperative housing models. 💡 Recommendations for Member Co-ops The report emphasizes the importance of adopting innovative practices that can enhance cooperative living and ensure long-term sustainability. By encouraging members to set ambitious goals and adopt best practices, NASCO aims to strengthen the cooperative housing sector and improve the overall health of its member organizations. In summary, the "The Health of our Sector - Housing Coop Report" is a significant contribution to the discourse on sustainable housing, showcasing the efforts of NASCO to support cooperative models that prioritize community engagement, shared resources, and sustainable practices. This report serves as a guiding document for housing cooperatives in their journey towards improved health and prosperity. | |
Ivan Korolev & others | SPACE10 | Article | 2023 | 🌍 Context and Publisher The report titled "The Healthy Home" was created by SPACE10, IKEA's research and design lab, and published on August 17, 2023. This document is part of SPACE10's Future Home report series, exploring sustainable housing and its impact on health and well-being. The research was developed in collaboration with Morph, focusing on how domestic environments can positively influence daily life. 🏡 Themes Explored The report delves into three primary themes regarding the role of homes: protection from harm, restoration of physical and mental health, and support for personal growth throughout various life stages. It emphasizes the importance of creating living spaces that not only fulfill functional needs but also contribute to the health and well-being of their inhabitants. 🍃 Addressing Global Challenges SPACE10's research investigates the broader implications of healthy homes in relation to global challenges such as climate change, pollution, safety, nutrition, and social isolation. It adopts a kaleidoscopic perspective, including case studies and innovations from around the world, highlighting the interconnectedness of these issues. 🔑 Key Takeaways The report summarizes its findings in ten crucial takeaways aimed at guiding future home design. These include: 1. Climatic: Homes should adapt to temperature and humidity changes, ensuring a safe environment. 2. Pollution: Enhanced routines and products are necessary to protect residents from contaminated air and water. 3. Privacy: A balance between privacy, security, and connectivity is essential. 4. Rest: Spaces should consider all senses to facilitate rest and sleep. 5. Sustenance: Kitchens must be adapted to support food preparation for all. 6. Hygiene: Aligning personal hygiene practices with the domestic environment is vital for well-being. 7. Play: Spaces should encourage play, exercise, and intergenerational interactions. 8. Community Care: Collective care practices can help combat loneliness. 9. Ageing: Flexibility in space and furniture design is necessary to support an aging population. 10. Interconnected: Healthy homes should be regenerative and inclusive, benefiting both residents and the planet. 🌱 SPACE10 Initiatives SPACE10 is dedicated to exploring new opportunities for a sustainable future and has previously launched various initiatives, including competitions to reimagine homes using AI technologies and projects focused on digital design's impact on architecture. The lab continues to advocate for innovative solutions in sustainable housing. | |
Aitor Hernández-Morales and Giovanna Coi | POLITICO | ArticlePolicy BriefStudy / Report / Handbook | 2024 | 📰 Context and Background The article titled "The hottest political issue European politicians aren't talking about" was published by POLITICO, a prominent digital media company that focuses on politics and policy in Europe and the United States. The piece, authored by Aitor Hernández-Morales and Giovanna Coi, highlights the urgent issue of affordable housing across Europe and the growing frustrations among voters regarding this crisis. 🏠 The Housing Crisis Unfolds From Lisbon to Łódź, citizens are expressing anger over the lack of affordable housing options. Protests have erupted in cities like Dublin, Lisbon, Amsterdam, and Milan, where thousands have taken to the streets to voice their discontent. According to a recent poll, housing has emerged as one of the top challenges facing local governments, as noted by mayors across the continent. Sorcha Edwards, secretary-general of Housing Europe, states that the situation has reached a breaking point, impacting not just low-income groups but increasingly affecting the middle class. 📊 Financial Implications On average, Europeans allocate nearly 20% of their disposable income to housing. The article stresses that years of neglect in housing investment, particularly since the neoliberal shift in the 1980s, have exacerbated the crisis. Edwards indicates that this neglect, coupled with rising inflation and mortgage prices, has stagnated private-sector construction. 🌍 Comparative Solutions The article offers insight into different national approaches to the housing crisis. Denmark's public housing model allows for high-quality, affordable housing that benefits diverse segments of the population. Approximately one-sixth of Denmark's citizens live in social housing, which is significantly cheaper than private-sector rentals. Conversely, Switzerland’s nonprofit housing cooperatives, known as Genossenschaften, provide affordable housing options that are about 15% cheaper than market rates. In Zurich, cooperative flats are approximately 45% less expensive than for-profit rentals, showcasing the effectiveness of this model. 💰 Political Response and Future Outlook Despite the ongoing challenges, some governments are taking action. In Dublin, for example, a significant investment of up to €5 billion is being directed toward addressing the housing crisis. However, experts like Edwards caution that while financial allocations are made, the construction of new homes is a time-intensive process that may not yield immediate results. The article underscores the imperative for sustained action and innovative solutions to tackle the growing housing crisis in Europe. | |
BritMonkey | BritMonkey on YouTube | Video | 2022 | 🎥 Context and Publisher The video "The Housing Crisis is the Everything Crisis" was published by the YouTube channel BritMonkey on May 1, 2022. It addresses the interconnectedness of the housing crisis with broader societal issues, such as poverty, homelessness, public health, and environmental sustainability. The channel is known for its engaging and informative content that often tackles complex social issues through a critical lens. 🏠 The Housing Crisis Overview The video argues that the ongoing housing crisis, characterized by soaring prices and insufficient supply, exacerbates numerous societal challenges. Current trends indicate that house prices and rents have drastically increased due to a significant drop in housebuilding since the Great Recession. In 2015, research indicated that the U.S. economy could have been 74% larger if the housing crisis had not occurred. The housing crisis is linked to various economic and social issues, including poverty, inequality, and reduced public health outcomes. 🌍 Impacts on Society The housing crisis has pervasive effects, contributing to rising poverty levels. Approximately half of the children and one-quarter of all adults living in poverty in the U.K. are affected by high housing costs. The video highlights Finland as a case study where effective housing policies have reduced homelessness, demonstrating that building affordable homes can lead to substantial taxpayer savings. 📊 Environmental Considerations The environmental impact of suburban living is also discussed, pointing out that suburbs have a larger carbon footprint than urban areas due to increased reliance on cars and larger homes that consume more resources. The Netherlands is cited as an example of how denser housing can lead to better public health outcomes and lower obesity rates. 📉 Economic Consequences The economic ramifications of the housing crisis are significant. The video notes that high housing costs stifle innovation and productivity, as talented individuals are often priced out of major economic hubs like Silicon Valley. Additionally, it highlights the correlation between housing availability and birth rates, suggesting that unaffordable housing contributes to declining fertility rates. 📑 Conclusion Ultimately, the video posits that addressing the housing crisis through policies that promote the construction of more homes is essential to tackling broader societal issues. It advocates for removing barriers to housing development and emphasizes the need for political will to enact changes that will lead to sustainable, affordable housing solutions across Europe and beyond. | |
Alex Wolkomir, Michael Hales, Vaibhav Gujral & others. | McKinsey & Company | Article | 2024 | 📈 Context and Publisher The article titled "The new real estate investment edge: Tech-enabled brand, CX, and loyalty" was published by McKinsey & Company in 2024. The authors, Alex Wolkomir, Michael Hales, and Vaibhav Gujral, provide insights into how the real estate sector can leverage customer experience (CX) and technology to enhance brand loyalty and operational efficiency, particularly within the context of sustainable housing. 🏢 Importance of Customer Experience in Real Estate While customer experience and loyalty are well-established in consumer-centric industries, the real estate sector—excluding hospitality—has lagged. However, large single-family residential (SFR) and multifamily residential (MFR) platforms now possess the capacity to build brands that resonate with tenants. The article posits that a focus on memorable tenant experiences can significantly influence economic returns, with evidence showing up to a 15% premium between top- and bottom-performing companies in similar markets. 💡 Technology and Personalized Experiences The authors highlight the transformative power of technology in enhancing tenant experiences while reducing costs. In 2024, operators can upgrade tenant interactions through personalized services enabled by data and technology, including generative AI and digital marketing tools. This approach not only fosters tenant loyalty but also addresses significant concerns regarding the high cost of living in urban areas. 🔄 Shifts in Consumer Expectations The article outlines three paradigm shifts impacting real estate: moving from a commodity focus to community-building, transitioning from one-size-fits-all to personalized experiences, and embracing AI for instant gratification. As remote work becomes more prevalent, fostering community and belonging within residential complexes is increasingly valuable to tenants. 🛠️ Eight Steps to Enhance Tenant Loyalty To cultivate loyalty, the authors propose an eight-step framework that includes defining brand targets, identifying meaningful community interactions, and customizing residential experiences. This approach emphasizes the integration of technology, such as smart home devices and community-focused services, to meet evolving tenant needs. 📊 Measuring Impact and Adapting Lastly, the article stresses the importance of measuring the impact of initiatives to refine strategies continuously. By investing in data analytics and adopting bold experimentation, real estate companies can adapt to changing tenant expectations and drive loyalty in the competitive housing market, aligning with sustainable practices. | |
Speaking: About Here | About Here | Video | 2022 | 🏛️ Context and Publisher The video titled "The Non-capitalist Solution to the Housing Crisis," published by the YouTube channel About Here on November 1, 2022, explores alternative housing models in response to the escalating housing crisis. The channel aims to raise awareness about sustainable and non-market housing solutions, with a focus on community-oriented approaches. 🏙️ The Housing Crisis In many regions, particularly in major cities like Vancouver, housing costs have surged dramatically, with rents increasing by 23% in a single year. The video highlights the impact of market-driven housing, where prices are dictated by the highest bidder, leading to unaffordable living conditions for many residents. For example, a two-bedroom apartment in Vancouver's Olympic Village can cost up to $5,000 per month, while a cooperative housing model offers similar accommodations for around $1,900 due to its non-profit structure. 🏗️ Non-market Housing Solutions The video emphasizes the significance of non-market housing as a viable solution to the housing crisis. Non-profit cooperatives, such as the Athlete's Village housing co-op, operate without profit motives, setting rents based solely on operating costs. This model allows for more affordable housing options in urban settings. The video also draws comparisons to Vienna, where 60% of the population resides in non-market housing, stating this abundance helps stabilize the overall housing market. 📊 Challenges and Funding Despite the potential benefits, the video acknowledges significant challenges in expanding non-market housing. The construction of non-market units often requires substantial funding and complex financing through various sources, including government grants and loans. Historically, Canadian federal funding for non-market housing has plummeted over two decades, highlighting a systemic issue in housing policy. 🌍 Implications for Europe As Europe grapples with its own housing challenges, the insights from this video could inform discussions on sustainable housing initiatives. The integration of non-market housing models could stabilize local housing markets and ensure affordability. The video advocates for government involvement in funding and facilitating the development of such housing, suggesting that robust policies are essential for long-term solutions to the housing crisis. 🤝 Conclusion In summary, "The Non-capitalist Solution to the Housing Crisis" provides a comprehensive overview of alternative housing models, illustrating the effectiveness of non-market housing in creating affordable living conditions. By analyzing successful examples and highlighting the necessity for governmental support, the video serves as a critical resource for those interested in sustainable housing solutions across Europe. | |
Cooperatives Europe | cooperatives europe | Article | 2021 | 🌍 Context and Purpose The document titled "The Power of Cooperation – Cooperatives Europe Key Figures 2015" was published by Cooperatives Europe, an organization that represents the interests of cooperative enterprises across Europe. This report is the result of an extensive 18-month research project involving contributions from 40 national and sectoral experts from 34 European countries. Its primary goal is to highlight the significant impact of cooperatives on the European economy, which is particularly relevant for those interested in sustainable housing and community development. 📈 Key Statistics The findings of the report reveal that cooperatives are a vital component of the European economy, providing more than 4.7 million jobs. This statistic underscores the importance of cooperative businesses not only as economic entities but also as significant employers in various sectors. Additionally, the total annual turnover generated by these cooperatives amounts to an impressive 1,005 billion Euros. This financial figure illustrates the substantial scale and economic influence of cooperatives, making them critical players in fostering sustainable development. 🏠 Implications for Sustainable Housing For a pan-European audience interested in sustainable housing, the statistics presented in this report suggest that cooperatives can play a pivotal role in promoting sustainable practices within housing and community development. The cooperative model encourages collective ownership and shared responsibility, which can lead to more sustainable living arrangements. By pooling resources and efforts, cooperatives can create housing solutions that are not only economically viable but also environmentally friendly and socially equitable. 🤝 Conclusion The "Power of Cooperation" report serves as a crucial resource for understanding the role of cooperatives in Europe. With their ability to generate millions of jobs and substantial economic turnover, cooperatives are positioned to drive sustainable initiatives, including those related to housing. As the demand for sustainable living solutions continues to grow, the cooperative model offers a framework for collaborative efforts that can benefit communities across Europe. | |
Franziska Sielker, Selim Banabak | ESPON | Research PaperStudy / Report / Handbook | 2024 | The Promise and Perils of Using Housing Adverts for Affordability Mapping in Europe 🏠 Context and Authors This article discusses the pressing issue of housing affordability in Europe, authored by Franziska Sielker and Selim Banabak from the Institute of Spatial Planning at TU Wien. The House4All ESPON project aims to create a comprehensive housing affordability map across Europe, leveraging innovative data sources, particularly online housing advertisements, to tackle the challenges of traditional data collection methods. 📊 Challenges of Housing Affordability Rising housing costs are pushing many households in Europe to financial limits. The standard income ratio approach, which suggests spending no more than 30% to 40% of income on housing, often fails due to the lack of granular data at the regional level. Traditional surveys do not provide the detailed information necessary for precise affordability assessments, particularly as many governments do not record required data systematically. 🖥️ Innovative Data Source: Housing Adverts Online housing adverts, available on platforms like Nestoria and Properstar, offer a rich source of data that can be web-scraped to extract prices, locations, and property features. This method allows for a more detailed analysis of housing affordability, as it provides spatial granularity that traditional data lacks. The House4All project is employing this method from April 2024 to April 2025 across 31 countries in the ESPON space. ⚖️ Advantages and Insights By analyzing housing adverts, the project aims to differentiate between rental and sale prices and understand market segments. This approach can reveal disparities in affordability and help policymakers identify the most sought-after properties and their respective market dynamics. The data collected will reflect current market conditions and offer insights valuable for potential newcomers in various regions. ⚠️ Challenges and Limitations Despite its promise, the use of housing adverts presents challenges. They typically represent a subset of the market, often excluding social housing and properties at the extreme ends of the price spectrum. Furthermore, price listings may not reflect actual transaction prices, requiring careful analysis to avoid misleading conclusions. Income data is often only available at an aggregate level, complicating precise affordability calculations. 🔍 Future Directions The House4All project exemplifies innovative strategies for addressing housing affordability in Europe. Continued methodological refinement and collaboration among governments, private sector platforms, and academic institutions will enhance the reliability of insights drawn from housing adverts. This approach has the potential to inform better policy decisions and strategies aimed at ensuring housing affordability across Europe. | |
Matsuo Bashō | SPACE10 | Study / Report / Handbook | 2023 | 🌍 Context and Purpose The report titled "The Regenerative Home" is published by SPACE10, a research and design lab that explores innovative ideas for a sustainable future. The report aims to address the urgent need for homes that not only provide shelter but also contribute positively to the environment. With residential homes accounting for 17-21% of global energy-related carbon emissions and 11% of food waste, it is imperative to rethink how our living spaces impact the planet. 🏡 Designing for Sustainability The report emphasizes the importance of designing homes that can regenerate rather than deplete natural resources. It discusses how future homes can be built to "give back" to the planet by closing ecological loops and producing more than they consume. By combining traditional knowledge with new technologies, the report outlines a vision for homes that enhance daily living while benefiting the environment. 🔑 Key Insights The report provides ten insights into how homes can be transformed to align with regenerative principles: 1. Retrofit for Vitality: Upgrading existing buildings improves energy efficiency and benefits local communities. 2. Re-construct: Utilizing old materials reduces waste and conserves resources. 3. Build Naturally: Sourcing local materials like straw and clay supports sustainability and returns materials to nature safely. 4. In-built Energy: Incorporating renewable energy systems like solar and green hydrogen fosters off-grid capabilities. 5. Harness Heat: Using thermal energy from local sources can decrease fossil fuel reliance. 6. Compost Kitchens: Implementing compost systems in kitchens promotes regenerative practices using kitchen waste. 7. Waste with Benefits: Redesigning waste systems can transform human waste into valuable fertilizers, aiding biodiversity. 8. Place-based Production: Local sourcing of materials can create jobs and stimulate regenerative business models. 9. Care and Share: Sharing household items through community initiatives can extend their life and promote recycling. 10. Activate Data: Establishing neighborhood data networks can encourage behaviors that support regeneration and resource efficiency. 🌱 Conclusion Overall, "The Regenerative Home" offers a comprehensive framework for reimagining residential spaces that contribute to a sustainable future. By focusing on regenerative living, the report highlights the potential for homes to act as catalysts for environmental restoration and community well-being. | |
Council on urban initiatives | Council on urban initiatives | Research Paper | 2023 | The right to housing: A mission-oriented and human rights-based approach 🏠 Context and Importance This paper, published by the Council on Urban Initiatives, emphasizes housing as a fundamental human right linked to overall well-being and essential for accessing other rights such as health, education, and the right to life itself. The United Nations defines the right to adequate housing broadly, highlighting the need for peace, security, and dignity in living conditions. Despite this ideal, significant challenges remain in realizing this right globally. 📈 Current Housing Crisis Over a billion people worldwide lack adequate housing, with many living without basic services like clean water and sanitation. Housing affordability is a critical issue, particularly for low- and middle-income individuals, as housing costs continue to rise faster than incomes. This trend is evident in both the Global South and Global North, where evictions are common. The housing market is increasingly dominated by profit-driven entities, treating homes as financial assets rather than places of residence. 🌍 Climate Change Implications The housing crisis is exacerbated by climate change, with buildings contributing approximately 36% of global CO2 emissions. Each year, around 22 million people are displaced due to climate-related events, often finding themselves in urban areas where housing costs are exorbitant, leading to increased informal settlements. 🔍 Proposed Framework for Change The paper proposes a new framework that integrates a mission-oriented approach with human rights principles to foster sustainable, inclusive, and resilient cities. This framework aims to align government policies with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of ensuring access to adequate, safe, and affordable housing for all (SDG 11.1). Governments are urged to create ambitious missions that catalyze cross-sector investment and collaboration, reshape markets, and prioritize human rights in partnerships with the private sector. 🏙️ Conclusion By reframing the housing crisis as a solvable issue, the paper calls for concerted efforts across all government levels to set bold missions and redesign policies that uphold the right to housing. This approach seeks to ensure legal accountability and align economic frameworks with the common good, addressing the urgent challenges posed by the housing crisis in a sustainable manner. | |
Daniela Sanjinés, Jennifer Duyne Barenstein & others | Espazium | Study / Report / Handbook | 2018 | 🏠 Introduction to Housing Cooperatives This article, published on February 19, 2018, by Daniela Sanjinés and Jennifer Duyne Barenstein from ETH Zurich, provides an overview of the role of housing cooperatives in providing affordable housing. Housing cooperatives are defined as mutually owned and democratically controlled housing models that pool resources to lower individual costs. The International Cooperative Alliance outlines seven principles guiding these cooperatives, such as voluntary membership and democratic control. 🌍 Global Perspectives on Housing Cooperatives Housing cooperatives vary globally due to historical, cultural, and political factors, as well as state involvement in their regulation. They can be classified into tenure, building, and finance cooperatives, with different objectives and structures. In Europe, housing cooperatives emerged in the mid-19th century, inspired by social reform movements. By the early 20th century, they became widespread, especially post-World Wars, with about 27 million Europeans currently living in cooperatives. 🇩🇪 Country-Specific Developments In the UK, cooperative housing has a minor role, with only 35,000 units in a significant rental social housing stock. Conversely, Germany experienced a boom in cooperatives post-World War II, with current statistics showing 1,850 cooperatives representing 5% of the total housing stock. Sweden leads in cooperative housing, accounting for 22% of its total housing stock, while Switzerland boasts over 160,000 apartments provided by cooperatives, making up nearly 60% of its non-profit rental housing. 🌆 Southern and Eastern Europe In Southern Europe, housing cooperatives in countries like Spain and Italy have faced challenges due to government policies favoring private ownership. However, they still play a crucial role in addressing housing shortages. In Eastern Europe, former socialist regimes initially constrained cooperatives, but they have since regained importance, with Poland having 3,500 cooperatives representing about 20% of the housing stock. 🌱 Sustainable Housing Solutions The article highlights that housing cooperatives are increasingly recognized as sustainable housing solutions. They promote affordable, high-quality living environments and foster social cohesion through community initiatives. To thrive, they require supportive civil society organizations and government policies, such as tax exemptions and access to subsidized loans. With the right conditions, housing cooperatives can significantly contribute to addressing global housing crises, where approximately one billion people currently lack adequate housing. | |
Gaggiotti, G., Gianoncelli, A., and Venturato, A. & others. | Impact Europe | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperPolicy Brief | 2025 | 📅 Context and Publication The report titled "The Size of Impact" was published by Impact Europe in collaboration with the European Impact Investing Consortium, including various partners across Europe. The report synthesizes data from 431 organizations across 21 European countries, providing insights into the state of the European impact investing market, particularly in the context of sustainable housing and social and environmental challenges. 📊 Market Size and Growth The European private impact investing market is estimated at €190 billion, representing 2.5% of the total assets under management (AUM) in Europe, which amounts to €7.6 trillion. Notably, the public impact investing market is valued at €40 billion. Over the past two years, the private impact investing market has experienced significant growth, with investments in unlisted assets increasing from €80 billion to €190 billion. This growth is attributed to enhanced collaboration among various stakeholders, particularly through the European Impact Investing Consortium. 🏡 Impact on Sustainable Housing Sustainable housing is a vital segment within impact investing, with private equity emerging as the leading asset class for investors focused on high-impact projects, including affordable housing. The report highlights that 62% of capital captured in unlisted assets has reported evidence of investor additionality, indicating that investments are creating social and environmental benefits that would not have occurred without them. 🌍 Regional Insights and Contributions The report reveals that the impact investing market is predominantly led by the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and France, which have established impact investing ecosystems supported by robust regulatory frameworks and active investor communities. Additionally, countries like Italy, Denmark, Belgium, and Spain are making notable contributions, while emerging markets such as Türkiye, Portugal, and Greece show promising growth potential. 💰 Sources of Funding and Capital Flows Institutional investors, including pension funds and insurance companies, represent the primary contributors to impact investments in private, unlisted markets, accounting for 28% of total capital. Notably, 45% of capital flows outside Europe, with a significant focus on Africa (18%) for investments, indicating a shift in regional distribution compared to previous years. 📈 Impact Measurement and Standards The report underscores the importance of impact measurement and management, with 88% of organizations reporting clear evidence of managing impact. This commitment to measuring and managing impact is crucial for aligning investment strategies with social and environmental goals, particularly in areas such as sustainable housing. This comprehensive report serves as a vital resource for stakeholders in the impact investing landscape, aiming to inform decisions and drive growth in the market for sustainable housing solutions across Europe. | |
Gerald Kössl, Gerlinde Gutheil-Knopp-Kirchwald, Sara Van den Eynde & others. | Housing Europe | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperPolicy Brief | 2023 | 🏠 Context The publication "The State of Housing in Europe 2023," prepared by the Housing Europe Observatory, presents a comprehensive analysis of the current housing situation in Europe amid increasing challenges such as the energy crisis and rising costs of living. The report consolidates insights from various experts across 17 European countries, highlighting the state of public, cooperative, and social housing. 🔍 Key Findings Housing affordability remains a pressing issue, with average rents in the EU rising by 19% and house prices increasing by 47% from 2010 to 2022. These trends have been exacerbated by inflation, rising interest rates, and heightened demand for affordable housing. The report notes that the number of households applying for social housing in France has surged to 2.4 million, marking a 16% increase since 2016. ⚡ Energy and Sustainability The report underscores the role of public and cooperative housing in contributing to the fair energy transition. With ongoing efforts to renovate and improve energy efficiency, social housing tends to outperform private housing in energy performance. In France, for instance, 46% of social housing is classified within the top energy efficiency categories (A, B, or C), compared to only 25% across the total housing stock. 🌍 Challenges Ahead Despite these positive trends, the housing sector faces significant hurdles. The war in Ukraine, coupled with the ongoing repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to a cost-of-living crisis affecting low-income households disproportionately. Many countries report that public funding for housing is insufficient to meet current needs, with some housing companies in Germany expecting to delay or cancel planned renovations due to rising costs and labor shortages. 🏗️ Renovation and Construction The report emphasizes the urgent need for renovation and the construction of new affordable housing. For instance, in Austria, about 260,000 rental dwellings built before 1980 are still awaiting retrofitting. The European Investment Bank is identified as a crucial financial partner, although access to its loans remains limited for many providers. 📈 Future Outlook The upcoming European elections in 2024 present an opportunity for stakeholders to advocate for robust policies and funding aimed at addressing the housing crisis. The report calls for a coordinated effort among local, national, and European institutions to ensure that social housing providers can effectively respond to the growing demand for sustainable and affordable housing solutions. | |
Marta Enciso Santocildes, Aitor Bengoetxea Alkorta, Leire Uriarte Zabala & others | Editorial DYKINSON, S. L. | Study / Report / Handbook | 2021 | 🏡 Context The document discusses the story of social economy in the Basque Country, with a focus on cooperatives and their significant role in fostering sustainable housing. This narrative is published by the Basque Government's Ministry of Labor and Employment, with contributions from various authors, including Marta Enciso Santocildes and Aitor Bengoetxea Alkorta, among others. The publication aims to provide insights into the historical and contemporary relevance of social economy practices in the region. 📈 Key Data and Facts The Basque cooperative movement has grown substantially, with 3,195 cooperatives recorded in 2019, of which 2,359 are worker cooperatives. This model promotes dignified employment and community engagement, with cooperatives accounting for approximately 5.7% of total employment in the Basque Country. Notably, cooperatives have shown resilience during economic downturns, maintaining employment levels while many businesses faced closures. 🏘️ Housing Cooperatives Housing cooperatives in the Basque Country have surged in recent years, growing from 123 in 2002 to 421 in 2017. These cooperatives provide affordable housing solutions and are structured to ensure member participation in decision-making processes. The new cooperatives law has reinforced the democratic governance of these entities, emphasizing transparency and member involvement. Housing cooperatives allow members to design their living spaces according to collective needs, fostering a sense of community. 🌍 Social and Environmental Commitment Cooperatives in the Basque Country are deeply rooted in their communities and committed to addressing social and environmental challenges. They allocate at least 10% of profits to support social projects, demonstrating their commitment to social responsibility. Moreover, cooperatives have been recognized for their innovative approaches to sustainable development, including eco-friendly housing initiatives. 🔑 Conclusion The Basque cooperative model stands out as a robust framework for sustainable housing, combining economic viability with social commitment. This model not only addresses immediate housing needs but also contributes to long-term community development and resilience. The cooperative approach has the potential to serve as a reference for other regions in Europe seeking to implement sustainable housing solutions within a social economy framework. | |
Roger Valdez | Forbes | ArticleStudy / Report / HandbookPolicy Brief | 2024 | 🏗️ Context of the Article The article "There Is Room for Innovation in Cooperative Housing," written by Roger Valdez and published on May 7, 2024, in Forbes, addresses the urgent need for innovative solutions in the cooperative housing sector. Forbes, a well-respected business publication, is known for its insights into economic trends and industry developments, making it a credible source for discussions on sustainable housing. 🏠 Rising Housing Challenges As urbanization accelerates and housing costs continue to rise, many communities are searching for affordable and sustainable living options. Valdez argues that cooperative housing can be a significant player in providing solutions to these contemporary housing challenges. However, traditional cooperative housing models face various limitations, including regulatory hurdles, financial constraints, and scalability issues. 💡 Opportunities for Innovation Valdez emphasizes that for cooperative housing to thrive, innovative approaches are crucial. He points out that new financial models could enhance cooperatives’ access to capital. This could involve forming partnerships with impact investors and utilizing government incentives aimed at supporting affordable housing initiatives. Moreover, technological advancements present opportunities to improve the management of cooperative housing communities. By leveraging technology, cooperatives can enhance operational efficiency and resident satisfaction, making them more appealing to potential members. 🤝 Community Engagement and Governance The article highlights the critical role of community engagement in cooperative housing. Valdez advocates for inclusive decision-making processes that empower residents, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility. This participatory governance model can lead to more dynamic and adaptable cooperative housing solutions, better aligning with the needs of modern inhabitants. 🌍 Conclusion Overall, Roger Valdez's article underscores the potential for cooperative housing to evolve through innovation. By addressing existing challenges and adapting to future demands in the housing sector, cooperative housing can offer sustainable and affordable living options. This evolution is particularly relevant for a pan-European audience, as many cities face similar housing issues, and innovative solutions could greatly benefit communities across the continent. | |
Matsuo Bashō & others | nuveen | Study / Report / Handbook | 2023 | 📅 Context and Publisher This document, titled "Impact Investing im Immobiliensektor," was created by Nuveen, a global investment manager focused on sustainable investments. The piece discusses the evolution of impact investing within the real estate sector and outlines the need for a shift from traditional profit-driven investment strategies to those that prioritize social and environmental outcomes alongside financial returns. 🌍 Impact Investing Overview Impact investing seeks to generate measurable positive social and environmental impacts alongside financial returns. It is increasingly relevant in today's investment landscape, particularly in the real estate sector, where investors are motivated by a growing demand for responsible and sustainable investment strategies. According to the Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN), pension funds and insurance companies invested $7.2 billion in impact investments in 2019 alone, highlighting a significant trend towards socially responsible investing. 🏡 Real Estate and Social Needs The document emphasizes that the real estate sector is well-positioned to address pressing societal challenges, such as the need for affordable housing and the impacts of climate change. With cities being responsible for roughly 70% of global CO2 emissions, the sector has a crucial role in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) and enhancing the quality of life for communities. The document notes that 10% of tenants in Europe spend over 40% of their income on housing, stressing the urgency of developing affordable living solutions. 📈 Investment Strategies and Trends Nuveen advocates for a multifaceted approach to impact investing in real estate, which includes identifying local needs, enhancing community infrastructure, and ensuring the long-term viability of investments. The report outlines a six-step process for implementing impactful real estate investments that focus on measurable outcomes, stakeholder engagement, and continuous monitoring of both positive and negative effects. The document also discusses the regulatory pressure for transparency in investment practices, with new guidelines promoting responsible investment. 🇪🇺 European Focus on Affordable Housing The need for affordable housing is particularly pronounced in Europe, where rising rental costs and insufficient supply have created significant barriers for low- and middle-income families. The document underscores the necessity of targeted initiatives to provide affordable housing options, particularly in urban areas where demand exceeds supply. With a reported annual need for at least 350,000 new homes in Germany alone, the report highlights the critical role of impact investing in mitigating housing inequities across Europe. | |
Alastair Parvin | Open Systems Lab | Article | 2023 | 💡 Context The article titled "To redesign ownership, we need a map," published by Open Systems Lab and authored by Alastair Parvin, discusses the urgent need to rethink property ownership systems in light of contemporary social, economic, and environmental crises. The piece outlines the creation of the Atlas of Ownership—an open, shared resource designed to map property rights, obligations, and alternative ownership models. 🏘️ Current Crises The author highlights a range of crises that threaten societal stability, including housing shortages, poverty, climate change, and failing public services. Parvin argues that these challenges stem not from a lack of technological or financial resources but from outdated property systems that hinder equitable access to land and resources. The current approach to property ownership, likened to "19th century operating systems," is inadequate for solving 21st-century problems. 📜 Understanding Ownership Ownership is defined as a legal construct that grants individuals exclusive rights and responsibilities over land. This "bundle of rights" often includes the ability to charge rent, effectively creating a form of power over others. Property rights, which represent the largest form of wealth globally, shape individuals' lives and societal structures. Despite their significance, the language surrounding property ownership is often inaccessible, obscured by complex legal jargon. 🗺️ The Atlas of Ownership The Atlas aims to decode property rights and provide a library of diverse ownership models, drawing from successful examples worldwide. By documenting various patterns of ownership—such as community land trusts and indigenous practices—the Atlas seeks to make alternative models of land stewardship more recognizable and accessible. This initiative is rooted in the belief that many property-related issues have already been addressed by innovative systems elsewhere. 🔍 Patterns of Ownership The article categorizes property agreements into eight classes, including eligibility, security of tenure, access, and stewardship. This unbundling of property rights allows for clearer communication and comparison of different ownership models, enhancing public understanding and participation in property discussions. 🌍 Moving Forward The article concludes by emphasizing that redesigning ownership is crucial for sustainable development in the 21st century. The Atlas serves as a call to action for individuals and communities to contribute their knowledge, fostering a collaborative effort to develop fairer and more sustainable property systems that can address the pressing challenges of our time. | |
Benedikt Schmid, Cathrin Zengerling, Carola Fricke & others | Urban Planning Journal | Article | 2024 | This comprehensive research article, published in October 2024 in the Urban Planning journal, investigates an innovative housing development project known as "Kleineschholz" located in Freiburg, Germany. The study was conducted by Benedikt Schmid and Cathrin Zengerling from the University of Freiburg, along with Carola Fricke from Saarland University. 🏗️ Project Context The Kleineschholz development represents a pioneering initiative aimed at creating a housing district that prioritizes the common good. Set in Freiburg's Stühlinger district, the project plans to construct approximately 500 residential units across a 77,500m² area, exclusively through collaborative housing organizations instead of profit-driven developers. 🔍 Key Findings The implementation process of the Kleineschholz project employs concept-based tendering as the main method for allocating land to collaborative housing groups. Continuous dialogue between the municipality and housing organizations is maintained through regular meetings and workshops. A dedicated community meeting space, known as the "Pavilion for All," acts as an essential networking hub for various housing initiatives. 🏡 Innovative Features To mitigate speculation, the land is primarily offered through leasehold models. Additionally, at least 50% of the residential space is mandated to be subsidized rental apartments. The city has also provided substantial financial backing, including €6 million for subsidized housing construction. ⚠️ Challenges The project faces several challenges, including high construction costs and increasing interest rates that impose significant financial constraints. Some housing groups have expressed concerns about municipal regulations being overly restrictive. Furthermore, the necessity for public land ownership and high resource requirements limit the transferability of this model to other contexts. 🌍 Significance Kleineschholz stands as a significant departure from traditional profit-oriented housing development. It serves as an experimental lighthouse project rather than a universally applicable model. While it offers important insights for transformative urban planning, its success is closely tied to Freiburg’s unique context, characterized by a wealthy, academic-alternative-oriented demographic and a strong tradition of collaborative housing. 📈 Broader Implications The study contributes to ongoing discussions about transformative planning practices and the role of municipalities in fostering collaborative housing developments. Although the project showcases innovative approaches to common-good-oriented housing, its exceptional nature underscores both the potential and limitations of scaling such initiatives in different contexts across Europe. | |
Hans Dubois, Sanna Nivakoski | Eurofound | Study / Report / Handbook | 2023 | 🏠 Context The report "Unaffordable and Inadequate Housing in Europe," published by Eurofound in 2023, offers an in-depth analysis of housing challenges within the European Union. Authored by Hans Dubois and Sanna Nivakoski, this report examines the implications of unaffordable and inadequate housing on individuals and society, stemming from Eurofound’s project focused on the need for affordable and adequate homes. The investigation is framed within the context of various factors impacting housing affordability, notably the COVID-19 pandemic, the green transition, digitalization, and demographic shifts. 📊 Key Findings A significant trend noted is the decline in homeownership among young people in the EU over the past decade, with an increasing number of residents opting to live in apartments, particularly in urban centers. While homeowners have seen a decrease in the proportion of their income spent on housing, tenants are experiencing the opposite, with many facing financial hardships due to escalating housing expenses. Income disparities are evident, as homeowners typically possess higher incomes compared to tenants. However, in several post-communist and southern European nations, many homeowners without mortgages are at substantial risk of poverty. The private rental market poses particular challenges, with nearly half of tenants expressing concerns regarding their housing affordability in the near future. Additionally, satisfaction levels with housing are markedly lower among lower-income individuals, who also cite energy efficiency and access to public transport as critical issues, especially in rural areas. The pandemic further amplified the significance of housing features such as internet connectivity and adequate space as homes evolved into multifunctional environments. 📄 Policy Recommendations The report makes several policy recommendations to address these pressing issues. It advocates for the scaling up of Housing First initiatives to ensure stable housing for homeless individuals, alongside automatic support mechanisms aimed at preventing evictions and facilitating transitions to affordable housing options. Increased support for low-income tenants is deemed essential, including the implementation of rent controls that do not hinder new tenants or mobility. Given the rising interest rates, there is an urgent need for protections for homeowners with variable-rate mortgages. Lastly, it emphasizes the importance of ensuring that social housing benefits reach the most vulnerable populations and that inequalities within social housing systems are addressed. 🔍 Conclusion In conclusion, the report highlights the critical need for comprehensive housing policies that ensure social protection and resilience, tackling issues of affordability, security, and adequacy to enhance living conditions across Europe. It emphasizes the interconnection between housing challenges and broader economic, social, and environmental issues. | |
Investigate Europe | Investigate Europe | Research Paper | 2023 | 🏢 Context of the Investigation The investigation project titled "Untaxed" by Investigate Europe sheds light on the significant tax benefits that European governments offer to real estate investors and owners. Conducted by a team of investigative journalists, this project aims to analyze taxation and loopholes in real estate investments across various European nations, revealing how these policies contribute to the ongoing housing crisis. 📊 Tax Benefits and Loopholes The investigation highlights that multiple European countries, including Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK, have tax regimes that favor specific types of real estate investments over other business ventures. Reportedly, these regimes include full exemptions on capital gains, tax-free guarantees for funds, and lower taxation on rental income compared to other profits. Experts, including economists and tax professionals, have concluded that real estate investments—both commercial and residential—are often under-taxed or entirely untaxed across most member states. 💸 Economic Implications This tax favoritism leads to the misallocation of vast amounts of capital—estimated in the billions of euros—into an overheated real estate market. The findings indicate that these exemptions result in rising property prices, which directly exacerbates the housing crisis across Europe. Notably, statistics reveal that in nearly all EU countries, except Italy and Malta, house prices have outpaced inflation and average wage growth since 2010. This trend is also evident in Norway and the UK, highlighting a broader regional issue. 🏠 Social Consequences The investigation further emphasizes the social ramifications of this tax policy, illustrating that in cities like Prague, Bratislava, and Paris, it may take over 20 years of average wages to afford a flat. Investigate Europe has engaged with individuals impacted by the housing crisis, capturing their stories and perspectives. The team also confronted national governments about the social costs associated with these tax privileges, offering a comprehensive look at the real impact of these policies on communities across Europe. 🔍 Conclusions and Findings In conclusion, the investigation underscores the urgent need for a reevaluation of tax policies in relation to real estate investments. Without proper regulation and oversight at the European level, the current system perpetuates a cycle of capital misallocation, ultimately fueling the escalating housing crisis in many European countries. | |
Arc-en-ciel project, CLT Brussels, 2020 & others | Arc-en-ciel project | Study / Report / HandbookResearch PaperPolicy Brief | 2020 | 🌍 Context and Purpose The document titled "Urban Community Land Trust in Europe," published by the Arc-en-ciel project and CLT Brussels in 2020, addresses the increasing housing affordability crisis in European cities. It highlights the urgent need for sustainable housing solutions through the Community Land Trust (CLT) model, which is a community-led approach to developing and managing affordable housing. 🏡 The Housing Crisis in Europe Since the 2000s, European cities have witnessed a significant rise in housing prices, with increases of 30% to 50% over the past decade in some areas. This financialization of the housing market has transformed housing into a commodity, undermining its social purpose and exacerbating economic and spatial inequalities. The CLT model aims to challenge traditional property ownership paradigms by promoting collective ownership of land, ensuring that housing remains affordable for low- and medium-income households. 📈 The SHICC Programme The SHICC (Sustainable Housing for Inclusive and Cohesive Cities) programme (2017-2021) was initiated to establish successful CLTs across Europe. Funded by Interreg NWE, the programme has facilitated the development of four pilot CLTs in London, Ghent, Brussels, and Lille, showcasing the model’s potential to supply affordable housing. Over three years, the programme supported 33 nascent CLT groups, implemented peer-to-peer mentoring, and published research on CLT financial models, including over 600 funding sources available for CLTs. 🇪🇺 CLT Development Across Europe The document outlines the diverse CLT models emerging in various countries, such as the UK, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Key examples include the London CLT, which has delivered affordable homes and engaged over 2,500 members, and CLT Brussels, which has completed multiple projects targeting deprived households. The document emphasizes the importance of community involvement and the need for supportive legislative frameworks to enable these initiatives to thrive. 🔍 Challenges and Future Directions Despite the successes, the CLT movement faces challenges, including limited public awareness, difficulties in securing land, and inconsistent support from local authorities. The report advocates for enhanced recognition of CLTs as legitimate housing options and calls for supportive policies at national and municipal levels to facilitate their growth and impact. 📚 Conclusion The CLT model represents a promising avenue for addressing the housing crisis in Europe, fostering social cohesion, and ensuring sustainable urban development. The collaborative efforts detailed in this document aim to empower communities and create affordable housing solutions for future generations. | |
Julia Okatz, Julie Hirigoyen, Amy Paterson & others | Systemiq | Article | 2024 | ### 📜 Context and Background The white paper titled "Urban Regeneration: Turning Obsolescence into Value for Society, Nature, Climate - and Investors" was published in September 2024. It was commissioned by Ginkgo Advisor and Edmond de Rothschild Group and developed independently by Systemiq, a consulting firm focused on sustainability. The paper addresses the urgent need for urban regeneration as a strategic investment opportunity to tackle Europe’s housing crisis, environmental challenges, and the revitalization of urban economies. ### 🏙️ Key Findings on Urban Regeneration Urban regeneration involves the transformation of underutilized land and obsolete buildings into vibrant, mixed-use neighborhoods. This approach aims to alleviate housing shortages while promoting environmental sustainability and economic growth. The strategy aligns with Europe’s objectives of achieving carbon neutrality, "no net land take" by 2050, and enhancing resilience against climate shocks. ### 💰 Market Opportunity Europe is home to vast areas of underutilized urban space, including 300 km² of empty office and retail locations and 1,000–1,500 km² of brownfield land. These spaces could satisfy much of Europe’s demand for new buildings over the next 10–15 years while reducing infrastructure costs by up to 20%. Urban regeneration presents a substantial investment opportunity, estimated to be worth €4–6 trillion over the next decade. ### 📈 Investment Characteristics and Benefits Urban regeneration projects focus on creating new value through the transformation of abandoned areas into thriving communities. They emphasize city-level integration, placemaking, and resilience, ensuring sustainable development to prevent future obsolescence. The socio-economic benefits include high-quality housing in well-connected locations, reduced urban sprawl, and enhanced local economies through job creation and increased land values. Environmentally, these projects can decrease construction emissions by up to 45%, save substantial virgin land, and promote biodiversity. ### 🔄 Challenges and Recommendations Despite the potential, urban regeneration faces underinvestment due to its complexity compared to traditional real estate investments and perceived risks such as contamination and planning uncertainties. Recommendations for scaling urban regeneration include categorizing projects by risk, quantifying returns on placemaking, supporting developers through collaboration, and enhancing the public sector's role in streamlining processes and providing financial backing. ### 🌍 Conclusion Urban regeneration stands out as a pivotal strategy for addressing Europe’s housing crisis while advancing sustainability goals. The paper encourages institutional investors to consider long-term strategies focused on this asset class, highlighting the need for collaboration among cities, private developers, and investors to maximize its impact across Europe. | |
Justin Kadi | The Guardian | ArticleStudy / Report / Handbook | 2025 | 📅 Context The article from The Guardian, published on July 10, 2025, discusses Vienna's reputation as a "renters' utopia" and highlights the city's progressive housing policies. The author, Justin Kadi, is an Assistant Professor in Planning and Housing at the University of Cambridge, bringing an academic perspective to the discussion on sustainable housing practices. 🏠 Social Housing in Vienna Vienna's social housing sector constitutes roughly 43% of the city's 1 million housing units. This includes both municipally owned council housing and units managed by limited-profit housing associations, which are allowed to generate modest profits to sustain their operations. The social housing system in Vienna caters not only to low-income households but also to middle- and upper-middle-class families, ensuring a diverse demographic can access affordable living spaces. 💰 Financial Benefits Rent levels within the social housing sector are approximately 30% lower than those in the private rental market. The quality of these social housing units is often superior, particularly in the limited-profit sector. This availability of social housing also has a stabilizing effect on private rental prices, contributing to a more balanced housing market overall. 📈 Historical Background The roots of Vienna's social housing can be traced back to the "Red Vienna" period of the 1920s when the Social Democratic Workers' party implemented extensive social policies aimed at improving living conditions for the working class. Funding for social housing largely comes from a 1% levy on employee salaries. Despite fluctuations in political control, the commitment to social housing has remained a priority, allowing it to maintain a stable share of the housing market. 🔄 Recent Changes and Challenges While Vienna's social housing sector has shown remarkable stability compared to other European cities, it faces challenges regarding accessibility. The allocation process is bureaucratic, with applicants needing to navigate complex waiting lists based on their housing needs and income levels. Additionally, some housing associations require tenant down-payments, posing financial barriers for newcomers. 🌍 Lessons for Europe Vienna's approach to housing serves as a noteworthy example for other European cities grappling with housing crises. The city's long-term commitment to social housing and limited privatization has fostered a system that prioritizes housing as a fundamental need. Understanding the intricacies of Vienna's housing regime can provide valuable insights for cities aiming to improve their housing policies. | |
Lieve Jacobs, Peggy Totté | Cera | Article | 2024 | 🏡 Context and Purpose This article, authored by Peggy Totté and Lieve Jacobs, discusses the emerging model of housing cooperatives in Europe, particularly focusing on Flanders, Belgium. It highlights the potential for cooperative housing to provide affordable, quality living spaces while promoting community involvement and sustainability. The publication aims to raise awareness about the need for innovative housing solutions in light of rising living costs and changing social dynamics. 📉 Affordable Housing Solutions Housing cooperatives are presented as a viable alternative to traditional housing markets, offering rents that can be approximately 20% lower than market prices. The authors reference a large-scale study by Steunpunt Wonen, which confirms that these cooperatives can effectively cater to the diverse needs of families. The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated interest in cooperative care housing models, emphasizing the need for affordable and flexible living arrangements. 🔑 Defining Housing Cooperatives The article defines housing cooperatives as autonomous associations formed to meet the economic, social, and cultural needs of their members. Governed democratically, these cooperatives allow residents to acquire shares, which grants them a right of residence and a say in managing the communal spaces. This model fosters self-reliance and community responsibility, contrasting sharply with traditional homeownership prevalent in regions like Flanders, where about 80% of residents own their homes. 🔄 Innovative Management Models The authors highlight examples of successful housing cooperatives, such as the Swiss Kalkbreite cooperative, which utilizes a management model that separates residents' interests from cooperative governance by involving external managers. This ensures effective management while allowing residents to contribute ideas through councils. Such structures encourage communal decision-making and investment in shared resources, promoting a sense of ownership and collective responsibility. 🌍 Towards Sustainable Development The article emphasizes the role of housing cooperatives in sustainable urban development. With a focus on cooperative values, these organizations aim to address the fragmentation of property ownership and promote more cohesive community living. The authors suggest that the cooperative approach can facilitate the repurposing of historic estates and enhance spatial planning in cities, thus addressing both housing shortages and environmental concerns. 📅 Call to Action Finally, the authors call for increased participation from various stakeholders, including municipal authorities, banks, and the private sector, to support the development of housing cooperatives. They advocate for pilot projects and legislative improvements to foster a more cooperative and sustainable housing landscape in Europe, encouraging a shift towards affordable living for all. | |
Austin Robey & others | FWB | Article | 2023 | The article "What Co-Ops and DAOs can learn from each other," published by FWB, explores the intersection of cooperatives (co-ops) and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), emphasizing the potential for a hybrid model that incorporates the strengths of both. The author, Austin Robey, who is involved in various cooperative and DAO initiatives, discusses the evolution of platform cooperativism, a concept introduced by Trebor Scholz in 2014, advocating for platforms owned and controlled by their users. 🤝 Exploring Co-Ops and DAOs Cooperatives operate on a one-member, one-vote principle, enabling shared ownership among workers and customers. This model spans various types, including consumer, purchasing, and multi-stakeholder cooperatives. Conversely, DAOs utilize blockchain technology for governance, often adopting a one-token, one-vote system, which can lead to discrepancies in member influence based on the number of tokens held. Despite these differences, both models aim to enhance collective ownership and governance over digital resources. 🌍 Historical Context Robey highlights the rich historical context of cooperatives, particularly within marginalized communities in America that formed solidarity networks for economic justice. Notable examples include the Underground Railroad and the cooperative movements initiated by African Americans as documented by Jessica Gordon-Nembhard. These historical precedents provide valuable insights for DAOs, particularly in non-hierarchical decision-making and community-building practices. 💡 Lessons for DAOs The author asserts that DAOs could benefit from co-ops' focus on racial and economic justice, emphasizing that co-ops are often founded to address market failures rather than for profit. DAOs typically emerge from a speculative mindset, lacking the social justice missions that guide many cooperatives. Furthermore, Robey notes that DAOs excel in rapid experimentation and can leverage tokens to bootstrap capital, unlike traditional co-ops that face funding challenges. 🏡 Future of Housing The article concludes by proposing that the best organizational frameworks may not be strictly co-op or DAO but could blend elements of both. Examples include DisCo, a distributed cooperative framework, and other organizations that merge cooperative principles with DAO structures. This hybridization could enhance the effectiveness and democratic values in sectors like sustainable housing, ultimately leading to more equitable and community-driven outcomes in Europe and beyond. | |
Paula Soler | Euronews | Article | 2024 | 🏛️ Context and Publication This article, authored by Paula Soler and published by Euronews on August 13, 2024, discusses the promise made by European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen to appoint an EU commissioner with a mandate focused on tackling the housing crisis in Europe. The article highlights the urgency of addressing the rising cost of housing and the need for sustainable solutions. 📈 Rising Housing Costs Between 2010 and the end of 2023, EU average rents surged by nearly 23%, while house prices ballooned by almost 48%. These increases have sparked protests across various European cities, including Dublin, Amsterdam, and Lisbon, as citizens express their frustrations over the loss of purchasing power and the lack of affordable housing options. 👥 Political Implications The issue of affordable housing has become a focal point in both national and European election campaigns. In her address to the European Parliament, von der Leyen acknowledged the struggles many citizens face in finding affordable homes, emphasizing that if it matters to Europeans, it matters to Europe. She proposed the establishment of a European affordable housing plan and highlighted the need for a dedicated commissioner to oversee this policy area. 💰 Investment Gaps and Policy Gaps Despite the urgency, there exists a significant investment gap in social and affordable housing, with EU member states currently restricted to using public funds for the most vulnerable groups. Advocates argue for the recognition of social and affordable housing as a service of general economic interest, which would enable broader support beyond disadvantaged groups. 🏘️ Policy Directions To address the investment gap, von der Leyen's policy plans include reviewing state aid rules to provide member states with more flexibility in supporting housing initiatives. The proposed measures aim to enhance investment in affordable housing through collaboration with the European Investment Bank and the Social Climate Fund, which is set to mobilize at least €86.7 billion between 2026 and 2032. 🛏️ Challenges of Homelessness and Short-Term Rentals Key proposals from the Social Democrats, such as binding targets to eliminate homelessness by 2029 and regulations on short-term rentals like Airbnb, were not included in the policy program. The article notes that homelessness affects approximately 890,000 individuals across the EU, underscoring the need for effective solutions and sharing best practices among member states. 📅 Next Steps Von der Leyen has given member states until August 30 to nominate candidates for the next college of commissioners. The selection of candidates and the subsequent assignment of portfolios will determine the future direction of housing policy in Europe. | |
Jennifer Duyne Barenstein | The Conversation | ArticlePolicy BriefStudy / Report / Handbook | 2025 | 🌍 Context of the Article The article titled "What the world can learn from Uruguay as the global housing crisis deepens" was created on July 26, 2025, by Jennifer Duyne Barenstein and published by The Conversation, a platform known for providing insights and research-driven content from academics and researchers. The piece discusses the pressing global housing crisis affecting over 1.8 billion people who lack access to adequate and affordable housing. 🏠 Cooperative Housing as a Solution The article highlights how cooperative housing can address the affordable housing crisis. Cooperative housing models involve residents collectively owning and managing their living spaces, which fosters shared responsibilities, costs, and decision-making through democratic processes. Countries like Switzerland have embraced cooperatives, but others, including those in Latin America, have struggled to integrate them into existing housing policies. Uruguay stands out as a notable exception, boasting a robust network of housing cooperatives that provide affordable living options to its citizens across various income levels. 🇺🇾 Uruguay's Housing Cooperatives Uruguay began developing housing cooperatives in the 1960s amidst economic turmoil. The National Housing Law of 1968 formally recognized these cooperatives, leading to a legal framework that supports various models. The two most common are "savings cooperatives," where members pool savings for capital investment, and "mutual aid cooperatives," allowing participation from those without savings through labor contributions. Today, there are 2,197 housing cooperatives in Uruguay, providing homes to about 5% of households. 👩👧 Women's Cooperatives and Urban Revitalization The article also discusses the role of women in cooperative housing, exemplified by the Mujeres Jefas de Familia (MUJEFA) cooperative, founded in 1995. This initiative focuses on designing and governing homes to meet the unique needs of women, particularly low-income single mothers. The cooperative model has evolved, with projects like COVIVEMA 5, the first high-rise mutual aid cooperative completed in 2015, showcasing how cooperatives can adapt to urban environments while providing long-term security and community engagement. 🔑 Conclusion Uruguay's cooperative housing model highlights an efficient and effective alternative to traditional housing approaches, emphasizing the importance of state support and technical assistance. This model provides a significant case study for European audiences interested in sustainable housing solutions, illustrating how cooperative structures can promote social transformation and resilience in urban contexts. | |
Speaking: Sorcha Edwards, Manjinder Kaur Atwal, Rory Hearne & others | Roundtable on YouTube | VideoArticleStudy / Report / Handbook | 2024 | 🏡 Context of the Discussion This video, published by Roundtable on April 6, 2024, addresses the escalating housing crisis in Europe, focusing on the high cost of living and soaring house prices that have left lower-income households struggling. The discussion features prominent guests, including Sorcha Edwards, Manjinder Kaur Atwal, and Rory Hearne, who provide insights into the systemic issues affecting housing across various European countries. 📈 Key Data and Trends The crisis is characterized by a significant increase in housing costs. House prices in Europe have risen by 50% since 2010, while rental prices have surged by 19%. These trends indicate a troubling disconnect between housing prices and local salaries, exacerbated by rising energy costs. The situation is particularly dire for younger generations, who may face fewer opportunities than their parents. Many are being forced into precarious living situations, such as renting substandard properties or, in extreme cases, living in tents on city outskirts. 👥 Impact on Society The housing crisis is not just an economic issue; it has profound social implications. In Ireland, for instance, there is a notable increase in the number of young adults, particularly those aged 25 to 29, living with their parents—over 60% of this age group is now unable to achieve independence due to unaffordable housing. The discussion highlights the psychological toll and sense of hopelessness experienced by many individuals and families affected by this crisis. 🏛️ Government and Policy Responses The panel discusses the need for a fundamental rebalancing of housing policies. Many experts argue that governments have shifted away from investing in social housing, leading to a reliance on the private market, which has proven inadequate. The UK, for example, has witnessed an increase in homelessness, while the lack of affordable housing continues to grow. The guests advocate for a return to government responsibility in providing adequate social housing and ensuring that housing is treated as a human right. 🌍 Pan-European Solutions The discussion emphasizes the necessity for collaborative efforts across Europe to address the housing crisis. The guests suggest that governments must invest in social and affordable housing, not only to meet current needs but also to ensure future sustainability. They call for a comprehensive approach that includes improving existing housing stock, constructing new homes, and implementing policies that prioritize public good over market-driven solutions. This dialogue serves as a crucial reminder of the pressing need for sustainable housing strategies that can adapt to the realities of modern Europe. | |
Anna Lea Spörri, Bella De Angelis, Diyan Duke & others | TEMA MAGAZINE | Article | 2022 | TEMA Magazine, a platform that explores social issues through various lenses, published an article titled "What’s up with housing?" on April 12, 2022. This piece delves into the complexities of housing in Europe, examining how various populations experience living conditions and the implications of these experiences on societal structures. 🏠 Housing as a Human Right The article opens with a discussion on the concept of "adequate housing" as a human right according to the European Social Charter. It raises critical questions about what constitutes adequate housing, questioning whether refugee camps or spending over 50% of one's income on housing can be deemed adequate. The stark reality is that housing in many European capitals has become unaffordable for a significant portion of the population, leading to concerns that private living spaces are increasingly viewed as luxuries. 📈 The Financialization of Housing The phenomenon of financialization is highlighted, noting how investment funds and banks have begun purchasing entire neighborhoods, thereby influencing housing availability and affordability. The article points out the rise in homelessness amid various crises and discusses the "housing first" concept as a potential solution to address these deep-rooted societal issues. 🏘️ Diverse Perspectives on Housing The piece includes various articles that tackle specific aspects of housing. For instance, it addresses the unique challenges faced by queer seniors in finding community and support, the allure of luxury homeownership content on social media, and the perspective of migrants and refugees regarding their status as neighbors. Each article contributes to a broader understanding of how identity and societal perceptions impact housing experiences. 🌍 Socio-Political Implications The publication emphasizes that housing is not merely a private concern but a highly political issue. It reflects on how systemic inequalities shape access to housing, leading to divisions within society. Articles discuss the experiences of individuals who have faced eviction, the struggle for adequate homeless shelters, and the effects of rising rents on communal living arrangements. Overall, TEMA Magazine's exploration of housing in Europe serves as a critical examination of the current state of living conditions, urging readers to consider the socio-political dimensions of housing and its implications for the future of sustainable living. | |
Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung | Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung | Article | 2022 | The document titled "Who owns our cities? | Wem gehört die Stadt?" is associated with the Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung, a prominent German foundation known for its commitment to social democracy and critical research. Created on April 14, 2022, the work seeks to explore the pressing question of urban ownership and its implications for sustainable housing in contemporary society. 🏙️ Context of Urban Ownership The document addresses a crucial aspect of urban governance: the ownership and control of city resources, spaces, and infrastructure. In many cities across Europe, the privatization of public goods has led to concerns regarding accessibility and equity in housing. The increasing influence of corporate entities in the urban landscape raises questions about who truly benefits from urban development and whose interests are prioritized. 📊 Key Data and Facts The report highlights various statistics and case studies that illustrate the impact of privatization on housing. For instance, it discusses how rising rents and gentrification have displaced long-term residents, particularly in cities experiencing rapid economic growth. The analysis also points out that public housing is diminishing in many urban centers, leading to a shortage of affordable housing options for low-income families. 🌍 Sustainable Housing Approaches The document emphasizes the need for sustainable housing solutions that prioritize community ownership and participation. It argues for models that integrate ecological considerations with social needs, advocating for cooperative housing, community land trusts, and inclusive urban planning. Such approaches can help ensure that housing development is aligned with the principles of sustainability and social justice. 🤝 Role of Citizens and Communities The authors contend that citizens play a vital role in shaping the future of their cities. They encourage active engagement in urban planning processes and decision-making, highlighting successful examples of grassroots movements that have influenced housing policies. The document suggests that empowering communities can lead to more equitable urban environments where residents have a say in the development and management of their neighborhoods. 📚 Conclusion Overall, "Who owns our cities? | Wem gehört die Stadt?" serves as a critical examination of urban ownership and its implications for sustainable housing. It calls for a re-evaluation of current practices and encourages a shift towards more inclusive and ecologically sound approaches to urban development. The insights provided are particularly relevant for a pan-European audience interested in addressing the challenges of housing sustainability in their cities. | |
Pierre Arnold, Maite Arrondo, Robert Temel & others. Speaking: Robert Temel, Pierre-Charles Marais, Charlotte Grosdidier & others. | CoHabitat Network | Article | 2025 | The document titled "Why and how cities can promote affordable and sustainable Collaborative Housing" was created by the CoHabitat Network and discusses the role of local governments in supporting collaborative housing initiatives across Europe. It outlines the benefits and public support mechanisms necessary for fostering affordable and sustainable housing solutions. 🌍 Context and Event Overview The information is based on a session organized by urbaMonde and NETCO at the International Social Housing Festival in Barcelona on June 7, 2023. The session brought together various speakers, including experts from cities like Vienna, Brussels, and Barcelona, to discuss collaborative housing (CH) as a community-led initiative that enhances social cohesion and sustainability. 🏠 Benefits of Collaborative Housing Collaborative housing initiatives typically arise from community efforts and are essential for affordable housing, especially in urban areas where land prices are high. These projects often achieve superior environmental quality and energy efficiency because they leverage collective intelligence in their design and development. Furthermore, they promote social diversity by including vulnerable populations such as asylum seekers and people with disabilities. 🛠️ Public Support Mechanisms Several European cities, including Barcelona, Brussels, Lyon, and Vienna, have implemented supportive policies for collaborative housing. These include recognizing non-profit developers as social housing providers, providing public land at reduced prices, and offering financial subsidies for construction. In Vienna, for instance, housing subsidies and concept tendering procedures facilitate the acquisition of land for CH projects, ensuring affordability for low- and middle-income families. 💡 Examples of Successful Initiatives Specific projects like Gleis21 in Vienna demonstrate the potential of collaborative housing to integrate community spaces and foster social interaction while maintaining affordability. Similarly, the Community Land Trust model in Brussels aims to provide permanent affordable homes while managing land as a common good, ensuring that housing remains accessible for future generations. 🔑 Challenges and Future Directions Despite the benefits, there are challenges such as high land prices and the need for public funding to support lower-income households in collaborative housing projects. Building mutual trust between public authorities and community groups is crucial for the success of these initiatives. The document calls for continued collaboration to expand the reach and effectiveness of collaborative housing across Europe. | |
Dwell | Dwell | ArticleStudy / Report / HandbookPolicy Brief | 2024 | 🌍 Context and Publisher This article, published by Dwell, explores the innovative social housing developments in Spain, particularly highlighting the RIBA International Prize-winning Modulus Matrix in Cornellà de Llobregat. The piece is a product of in-depth research on sustainable housing solutions, particularly in urban areas facing housing crises. 🏗️ Innovative Social Housing Designs Spain has emerged as a leader in socially conscious architecture, with local governments investing heavily in social housing that challenges stereotypes associated with such projects. Modulus Matrix, a six-story building containing 85 socially rented homes, exemplifies this trend by incorporating sustainable design elements such as sunbathed balconies and natural materials. The project reflects a shift towards more livable and environmentally friendly housing solutions. 💰 Financial Backing for Social Housing Barcelona’s ambitious Right to Housing Plan (2016-2025) aims to double the city’s social housing provision, backed by a significant budget of €1.7 billion from the City Council, which is 77% more than previous annual averages. This financial commitment aims to tackle the increasing rates of evictions and growing energy poverty, with social housing currently accounting for only 2% of Catalonia's housing stock compared to the European average of 15%. 🏡 Architectural Innovations Recent projects have adopted innovative design strategies that enhance both social interaction and sustainability. For example, Barcelona's new buildings often feature layouts that allow for better natural light and airflow, utilizing mass timber to reduce carbon emissions. In 2024, prefabricated timber panels significantly reduced construction time and costs while decreasing carbon footprints by 30%. 🤝 Cooperative Housing Initiatives The city council has also initiated cooperative housing projects that provide below-market rents and promote communal living. These cooperatives, such as La Borda, allow residents to participate in the design process, resulting in spaces that meet the community's specific needs. 🚧 Challenges Ahead Despite these advancements, Spain still faces considerable challenges in meeting housing demand. While Barcelona has made strides, the current social housing stock remains insufficient to address the needs of its population. The upcoming Housing Plan (2025-2032) aims to rethink policies and ensure housing is treated as a fundamental right. In conclusion, Spain's approach to social housing represents a significant step towards sustainable urban living, combining innovative design with a strong financial and community-oriented framework. However, the ongoing demand for affordable housing underscores the need for continued efforts and reforms. | |
Janel Siemplenski Lefort | European Investment Bank | ArticleStudy / Report / HandbookPolicy Brief | 2025 | 🏠 Context and Background The document discusses the ongoing housing crisis in Europe and explores potential solutions, published by the European Investment Bank (EIB). The author, Janel Siemplenski Lefort, highlights the urgent need for affordable housing amidst rising costs and increasing demand. The EIB has been involved in financing housing projects for over 25 years, aiming to support sustainable and affordable housing initiatives across Europe. 📈 Current Housing Crisis The housing crisis in Europe has intensified, with average rents rising by 26.7% and home prices by 55.4% since 2010. A significant proportion of the population, particularly the unemployed, low-income families, and young workers, find themselves priced out of the housing market. Currently, one in ten Europeans spends over 40% of their disposable income on housing. Inadequate housing supply has been exacerbated by the pandemic, resulting in a backlog of construction permits and increased material costs. 🌍 Impact on Society The lack of affordable housing leads to real societal hardships, affecting young people's ability to start families, students' access to education, and essential workers’ willingness to accept jobs in major cities. The EU Commissioner for Energy and Housing, Dan Jørgensen, emphasized the impact of the housing crisis on social justice and economic competitiveness. Vulnerable populations, including migrants and the homeless, have seen a decrease in social housing availability, with its share of total housing dropping to 8% in 2021. 🔧 Proposed Solutions To address the housing crisis, the EIB outlines key strategies, including the need to build nearly one million new dwellings, implement regulatory reforms to streamline permitting, and enhance financing solutions for housing development. Innovation in construction methods and materials is crucial to reduce costs and improve efficiency. The EIB's action plan aims to increase lending for housing to €4.3 billion by 2025, focusing on innovation, renovation, and new building projects. 💡 Conclusion The EIB Group's housing plan strives to tackle the pressing issues of affordable and sustainable housing across Europe. By collaborating with national banks and the European Commission, the EIB aims to enhance the housing supply, improve living conditions, and promote energy efficiency. This initiative is vital for addressing the growing demand for affordable housing while fostering social equity and economic growth in the region. | |
TUI Stiftung & YouGov Deutschland GmbH | TUI Stiftung | Article | 2024 | The "Young Europe 2024" study was conducted by TUI Stiftung in collaboration with YouGov Deutschland GmbH, aimed at understanding the perspectives of young Europeans aged 16 to 26 on various socio-political issues. This edition surveyed 5,874 participants from Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Poland between March 6 and March 19, 2024. The study particularly focuses on the living environment, identity, and political attitudes of young people in the context of the upcoming EU elections. 🌍 Future Outlook and Democracy The findings reveal a generally pessimistic outlook among young Europeans regarding their future, with approximately 34% expressing negative views influenced by ongoing global and national crises. Migration has emerged as the most pressing issue at the European level, surpassing climate change concerns. High societal tensions are perceived nationally, especially between political left and right factions. A significant number of young people are dissatisfied with democracy in their countries, with nearly half observing anti-democratic behavior and around 40% considering democracy to be at risk. 🇪🇺 European Union Perception Despite dissatisfaction with national politics, young Europeans exhibit a relatively high level of trust in EU institutions, valuing achievements such as freedom of travel and core values like democracy and human rights. However, there is a perception that the EU lacks global influence compared to powers like the USA and China. Many young Europeans support stronger integration among member states, though enthusiasm for deeper integration has slightly declined since 2019. 🗳️ Political Engagement and Identity The study indicates that young Europeans display varied political orientations, not fitting neatly into traditional left-right or progressive-conservative categories. While they value democratic engagement, they feel underrepresented compared to older generations. Trust in national political institutions is low, with only about one-third expressing confidence in EU institutions. Nevertheless, young people consider voting a civic duty and an effective means for enacting change. ⚖️ Societal Tensions and Political Participation The survey highlights significant societal tensions identified by young Europeans, particularly among different political ideologies and social groups. Although they feel disadvantaged compared to older generations, they are increasingly confident in their ability to engage politically and uphold democratic values. Many are receptive to populist arguments due to their perceived underrepresentation. The "Young Europe" study has been conducted annually since 2017 by TUI Stiftung to gauge youth attitudes toward their environment and political systems, providing valuable insights into the critical issues affecting the lives and futures of young Europeans. | |
Julia Bohn | TUI Stiftung | Study / Report / Handbook | 2025 | 📄 Context and Publisher The "Young Europe 2025 - Youth Study" was created by TUI Stiftung, a charitable foundation dedicated to reinforcing the European idea through various educational and developmental projects. The study focuses on understanding the perspectives of young people aged 16 to 26 across Europe, particularly regarding their views on the European Union (EU) and significant issues impacting their lives, including sustainability and housing. 🌍 Youth Perception of the EU The study reveals that a significant majority of young Europeans (59%) identify as at least partially European. Two-thirds (66%) view their country’s EU membership positively, with Germany showing the highest approval at 80%. However, there is a notable divide in opinion regarding EU integration, as 42% desire closer ties, while only 27% believe this will happen in the next five years. Young people’s attitudes toward immigration are shifting, with a growing number expressing skepticism about immigration policies, particularly in countries like Poland and Germany. 🏠 Perspectives on Housing and Sustainability Sustainable housing is an increasingly relevant topic for young Europeans. The study indicates that young people prioritize tackling the cost of living and affordable housing, with 38% believing the EU should address these issues. Environmental sustainability remains a crucial concern, as many young respondents view climate protection as a high priority, despite a decrease in prioritization compared to previous years. 🔍 Key Findings on Political and Social Views The report underscores young Europeans' feelings toward democracy, with 57% preferring democratic governance over other forms. However, many express dissatisfaction with the current political systems in their countries. Approximately 39% believe that the political system functions well but requires adjustments, while 33% feel it needs significant changes. Young people are also increasingly aware of anti-democratic behaviors in their societies, with 61% in Germany and 62% in Greece perceiving democracy as being at risk. 🤝 Role Models and Future Outlook Most young people identify their parents as their primary role models, reflecting a reliance on familial guidance in navigating societal challenges. In terms of their emotional state, more young Europeans describe themselves positively compared to previous years, but many still perceive a negative outlook for the general population. When considering the future, young people express mixed feelings, with a slight majority indicating optimism about their personal circumstances. In summary, the "Young Europe 2025 - Youth Study" provides critical insights into the priorities and concerns of young Europeans, particularly in the realms of sustainable housing, democratic values, and social issues. | |
International Cooperative Alliance & others | International Cooperative Alliance | Article | 2021 | 🌍 Context and Publisher The report "Young people and cooperatives: a perfect match?" was developed through a collaborative global research initiative by the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), which is a global association of cooperatives promoting their interests. The report was co-produced with the support of the Co-operative College and contributions from the ICA Youth Network. This initiative aims to address pressing issues faced by young people today in various aspects of life, including sustainable housing. 📊 Key Insights Based on 420 responses from young people across 20 countries, the report identifies five critical areas, known as the five 'E's: employment, education, (in)equalities, engagement, and entrepreneurship. These areas encompass the main challenges that youth encounter and highlight how cooperatives can effectively address these challenges while contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 8 (decent work) and SDG 4 (quality education). 👥 Role of Cooperatives The report underscores the potential for cooperatives to play a significant role in mitigating the challenges faced by young people. It outlines strategies for increasing youth engagement in cooperatives, including enhancing awareness about cooperatives, improving their public image, creating youth-oriented structures within cooperative organizations, and promoting decent work opportunities. These strategies aim to foster a more inclusive environment that encourages young people to participate actively in cooperatives. 📈 Case Studies and Recommendations The report includes various case studies demonstrating how cooperatives have positively contributed to employment, education, and the reduction of inequalities. It emphasizes the necessity for cooperatives to evolve and adapt to a digitized environment to effectively engage with the youth demographic. The findings indicate that while cooperatives possess the theoretical capacity to assist young people in overcoming their challenges, practical barriers must be addressed to realize this potential. ⚡ Call to Action Ultimately, the report serves as a call to action for cooperatives to intensify their efforts in supporting and engaging young people. It provides actionable conclusions and recommendations aimed at promoting youth cooperatives, enhancing youth employment and participation in cooperatives, and improving education related to cooperative principles and practices. This initiative is crucial not only for fostering youth involvement but also for contributing to sustainable housing solutions and community development across Europe. |